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Questions and Answers
Heat stroke is less severe than heat exhaustion.
Heat stroke is less severe than heat exhaustion.
False
Active warming for hypothermia includes using warm fluids and bear huggers.
Active warming for hypothermia includes using warm fluids and bear huggers.
True
Witnessing tea-colored urine can indicate severe dehydration.
Witnessing tea-colored urine can indicate severe dehydration.
True
Drowning in warm water increases the likelihood of recovery.
Drowning in warm water increases the likelihood of recovery.
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Cat bites are generally considered to be more dangerous than dog bites due to the risk of infection.
Cat bites are generally considered to be more dangerous than dog bites due to the risk of infection.
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For puncture wounds over 12 hours old, it is not necessary to administer antibiotics.
For puncture wounds over 12 hours old, it is not necessary to administer antibiotics.
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In drowning victims, it is critical to apply a c collar to prevent potential neck injuries.
In drowning victims, it is critical to apply a c collar to prevent potential neck injuries.
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Hypothermia can thicken the blood and increase the risk of clots and heart attacks.
Hypothermia can thicken the blood and increase the risk of clots and heart attacks.
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Chemotherapy can lead to metabolic acidosis due to tumor lysis syndrome.
Chemotherapy can lead to metabolic acidosis due to tumor lysis syndrome.
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Excessive water gain in SIADH can result in an increase in sodium levels.
Excessive water gain in SIADH can result in an increase in sodium levels.
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When treating spinal cord compression, MRI is considered a secondary diagnostic tool.
When treating spinal cord compression, MRI is considered a secondary diagnostic tool.
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The Parkland formula is used to assess fluid requirements for patients with burns.
The Parkland formula is used to assess fluid requirements for patients with burns.
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Intubation should be performed only after assessing for burn injuries to the mouth and throat.
Intubation should be performed only after assessing for burn injuries to the mouth and throat.
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In the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), level 1 indicates the least severe condition.
In the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), level 1 indicates the least severe condition.
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The primary survey in trauma nursing includes assessing airway, breathing, and circulation.
The primary survey in trauma nursing includes assessing airway, breathing, and circulation.
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The Good Samaritan law requires individuals to stop and assist at an accident scene.
The Good Samaritan law requires individuals to stop and assist at an accident scene.
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Severe sepsis is characterized by a lactate level greater than 4.
Severe sepsis is characterized by a lactate level greater than 4.
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During the primary survey, it is essential to stabilize a patient before transferring them to another facility.
During the primary survey, it is essential to stabilize a patient before transferring them to another facility.
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Hypercalcemia in cancer patients occurs when calcium levels are greater than 10.
Hypercalcemia in cancer patients occurs when calcium levels are greater than 10.
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Thrombocytopenia indicates an elevated white blood cell count in oncology patients.
Thrombocytopenia indicates an elevated white blood cell count in oncology patients.
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Respiratory complications in septic patients can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Respiratory complications in septic patients can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
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Neurogenic shock occurs in injuries at T6 and above, leading to decreased cardiac output and warm skin in extremities.
Neurogenic shock occurs in injuries at T6 and above, leading to decreased cardiac output and warm skin in extremities.
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Injuries at C3, C4, and C5 do not require respiratory support.
Injuries at C3, C4, and C5 do not require respiratory support.
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Anomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening condition associated with injuries at T6 and above, characterized by severe headaches and high blood pressure.
Anomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening condition associated with injuries at T6 and above, characterized by severe headaches and high blood pressure.
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Tension pneumothorax is a minor condition that can be managed without immediate intervention.
Tension pneumothorax is a minor condition that can be managed without immediate intervention.
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Flail chest is indicated by paradoxical movement of the chest wall and is associated with multiple rib fractures.
Flail chest is indicated by paradoxical movement of the chest wall and is associated with multiple rib fractures.
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Compartment syndrome can occur with long bone fractures and may lead to rhabdomyolysis.
Compartment syndrome can occur with long bone fractures and may lead to rhabdomyolysis.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has no association with PTSD.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has no association with PTSD.
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It is advised to remove an impaled object from a patient to prevent further injury.
It is advised to remove an impaled object from a patient to prevent further injury.
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Epinephrine should be administered to all patients who have been stung, regardless of their allergic status.
Epinephrine should be administered to all patients who have been stung, regardless of their allergic status.
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In cases of poisoning, it is safe to wash off the poison immediately without considering the interaction of water and powder.
In cases of poisoning, it is safe to wash off the poison immediately without considering the interaction of water and powder.
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Charcoal is an effective treatment for all patients who have ingested poison.
Charcoal is an effective treatment for all patients who have ingested poison.
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Opioid overdose may present with symptoms like pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression.
Opioid overdose may present with symptoms like pinpoint pupils and respiratory depression.
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Secondary spinal cord injuries can be observed immediately after a spinal cord injury.
Secondary spinal cord injuries can be observed immediately after a spinal cord injury.
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Spinal shock results in loss of reflexes and sensation below the injury site.
Spinal shock results in loss of reflexes and sensation below the injury site.
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The phrenic nerve plays a crucial role in regulating respiratory function.
The phrenic nerve plays a crucial role in regulating respiratory function.
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Once spinal cord injury occurs, the damage can be assessed immediately without waiting for the swelling to subside.
Once spinal cord injury occurs, the damage can be assessed immediately without waiting for the swelling to subside.
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What is a potential complication of administering Epogen for red blood cell growth?
What is a potential complication of administering Epogen for red blood cell growth?
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What electrolyte imbalance is typically observed 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy in tumor lysis syndrome?
What electrolyte imbalance is typically observed 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy in tumor lysis syndrome?
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What is a significant clinical feature of SIADH that requires careful correction?
What is a significant clinical feature of SIADH that requires careful correction?
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What is the primary concern when a patient is diagnosed with superior vena cava syndrome?
What is the primary concern when a patient is diagnosed with superior vena cava syndrome?
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What intervention is critical for patients with burns to the mouth and throat?
What intervention is critical for patients with burns to the mouth and throat?
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Which of the following treatments is essential for heat stroke management?
Which of the following treatments is essential for heat stroke management?
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What is a critical consideration when monitoring a patient with hypothermia?
What is a critical consideration when monitoring a patient with hypothermia?
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In cases of drowning, what is an important reason to use a c collar?
In cases of drowning, what is an important reason to use a c collar?
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What observation might suggest severe dehydration in a patient experiencing heat-related illness?
What observation might suggest severe dehydration in a patient experiencing heat-related illness?
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When treating a patient with hypothermia, which method is categorized as active warming?
When treating a patient with hypothermia, which method is categorized as active warming?
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What is a significant risk associated with cat bites?
What is a significant risk associated with cat bites?
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Which of the following is a key component to monitor in patients with hypothermia?
Which of the following is a key component to monitor in patients with hypothermia?
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Why is it preferential to drown in cold water rather than warm water?
Why is it preferential to drown in cold water rather than warm water?
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What are the respiratory issues associated with injuries at C3 to C5?
What are the respiratory issues associated with injuries at C3 to C5?
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What is a common sign of neurogenic shock in patients with injuries at T6 and above?
What is a common sign of neurogenic shock in patients with injuries at T6 and above?
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What condition arises due to a T6 or above spinal injury, characterized by severe headaches and high blood pressure?
What condition arises due to a T6 or above spinal injury, characterized by severe headaches and high blood pressure?
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What is a hallmark sign of tension pneumothorax?
What is a hallmark sign of tension pneumothorax?
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What should not be done in the case of an impaled object?
What should not be done in the case of an impaled object?
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What can long bone fractures potentially cause?
What can long bone fractures potentially cause?
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Which condition is indicated by paradoxical movement of the chest wall?
Which condition is indicated by paradoxical movement of the chest wall?
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What term describes the life-long consequences that may follow a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
What term describes the life-long consequences that may follow a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
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What should be done first when treating a patient who has been stung by an insect?
What should be done first when treating a patient who has been stung by an insect?
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In the case of an opioid overdose, which symptom is a key indicator that requires immediate attention?
In the case of an opioid overdose, which symptom is a key indicator that requires immediate attention?
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What is the correct protocol for managing poisoning through ingestion?
What is the correct protocol for managing poisoning through ingestion?
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What is a major concern with secondary spinal cord injuries?
What is a major concern with secondary spinal cord injuries?
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What factor determines whether a patient can safely receive activated charcoal after ingesting poison?
What factor determines whether a patient can safely receive activated charcoal after ingesting poison?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of spinal shock?
Which of the following is a characteristic of spinal shock?
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What should be closely monitored in a patient who has sustained a spinal cord injury?
What should be closely monitored in a patient who has sustained a spinal cord injury?
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Which statement is true regarding the treatment of insect stings in a non-allergic individual?
Which statement is true regarding the treatment of insect stings in a non-allergic individual?
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What is the primary focus during the primary survey in trauma nursing?
What is the primary focus during the primary survey in trauma nursing?
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In the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), which level indicates the most severe condition?
In the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), which level indicates the most severe condition?
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What is a key intervention for managing severe sepsis indicated by a lactate level greater than 4?
What is a key intervention for managing severe sepsis indicated by a lactate level greater than 4?
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Which of the following statements about thrombocytopenia is true?
Which of the following statements about thrombocytopenia is true?
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According to trauma nursing principles, what should be done first when managing uncontrolled circulation?
According to trauma nursing principles, what should be done first when managing uncontrolled circulation?
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Why is the Good Samaritan law important in emergency situations?
Why is the Good Samaritan law important in emergency situations?
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What condition is indicated by hypercalcemia in cancer patients, particularly those with bone cancer?
What condition is indicated by hypercalcemia in cancer patients, particularly those with bone cancer?
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What specific respiratory complication should be monitored closely in septic patients?
What specific respiratory complication should be monitored closely in septic patients?
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What electrolyte imbalance should be expected 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy due to tumor lysis syndrome?
What electrolyte imbalance should be expected 24 to 48 hours after chemotherapy due to tumor lysis syndrome?
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What is a major risk associated with administering Epogen for red blood cell growth?
What is a major risk associated with administering Epogen for red blood cell growth?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with severe SIADH?
Which symptom is commonly associated with severe SIADH?
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What is a primary concern when a patient presents with superior vena cava syndrome?
What is a primary concern when a patient presents with superior vena cava syndrome?
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What is the recommended immediate intervention for a patient with burns in the mouth and throat?
What is the recommended immediate intervention for a patient with burns in the mouth and throat?
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What is the correct order of assessment during the primary survey in trauma nursing?
What is the correct order of assessment during the primary survey in trauma nursing?
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Which of the following components is essential to manage uncontrolled circulation during the primary survey?
Which of the following components is essential to manage uncontrolled circulation during the primary survey?
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In the context of sepsis, a lactate level greater than 4 indicates what condition?
In the context of sepsis, a lactate level greater than 4 indicates what condition?
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What is the significance of the Good Samaritan law in emergency situations?
What is the significance of the Good Samaritan law in emergency situations?
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Which of the following parameters is crucial for assessing kidney function during sepsis?
Which of the following parameters is crucial for assessing kidney function during sepsis?
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What is the recommended intervention for managing hypercalcemia in cancer patients?
What is the recommended intervention for managing hypercalcemia in cancer patients?
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What is a common risk associated with neutropenia in oncology patients?
What is a common risk associated with neutropenia in oncology patients?
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During the primary survey, what is the first step regarding patient exposure?
During the primary survey, what is the first step regarding patient exposure?
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What is the most critical initial intervention for a patient experiencing heat stroke?
What is the most critical initial intervention for a patient experiencing heat stroke?
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In cases of hypothermia, what is the acceptable body temperature range before considering time of death?
In cases of hypothermia, what is the acceptable body temperature range before considering time of death?
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What common complication should be monitored for in a patient suffering from hypothermia?
What common complication should be monitored for in a patient suffering from hypothermia?
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Which type of drowning is associated with a higher chance of recovery?
Which type of drowning is associated with a higher chance of recovery?
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What specific assessment should be performed for a patient with a cat bite?
What specific assessment should be performed for a patient with a cat bite?
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When managing a drowning victim, what is the most vital step to ensure their safety?
When managing a drowning victim, what is the most vital step to ensure their safety?
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What type of bites raises greater concern for infection due to the mechanism of injury?
What type of bites raises greater concern for infection due to the mechanism of injury?
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What should a caregiver monitor in a patient with heat-related illness?
What should a caregiver monitor in a patient with heat-related illness?
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What is a significant symptom of neurogenic shock in patients with T6 and above injuries?
What is a significant symptom of neurogenic shock in patients with T6 and above injuries?
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What should be done first when a person is stung and experiencing swelling?
What should be done first when a person is stung and experiencing swelling?
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Which of the following injuries is associated with the highest risk of respiratory issues?
Which of the following injuries is associated with the highest risk of respiratory issues?
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Which of the following symptoms is most associated with opioid overdose?
Which of the following symptoms is most associated with opioid overdose?
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What condition is defined by severe hypertension, headache, and nausea in a patient with a T6 injury or above?
What condition is defined by severe hypertension, headache, and nausea in a patient with a T6 injury or above?
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In cases of poisoning, why is it important to brush off powder before washing the patient?
In cases of poisoning, why is it important to brush off powder before washing the patient?
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What is the primary immediate treatment required for a tension pneumothorax?
What is the primary immediate treatment required for a tension pneumothorax?
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What is a potential consequence of not addressing secondary spinal cord injuries quickly?
What is a potential consequence of not addressing secondary spinal cord injuries quickly?
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How should a patient with a flail chest present clinically?
How should a patient with a flail chest present clinically?
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Which intervention should be prioritized when a patient shows signs of spinal shock?
Which intervention should be prioritized when a patient shows signs of spinal shock?
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What is the appropriate management strategy for an impaled object in an abdominal injury?
What is the appropriate management strategy for an impaled object in an abdominal injury?
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Which complication is directly associated with long bone fractures?
Which complication is directly associated with long bone fractures?
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What criteria should be considered before administering charcoal to a patient who has ingested poison?
What criteria should be considered before administering charcoal to a patient who has ingested poison?
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What symptom would suggest the development of compartment syndrome from a fracture?
What symptom would suggest the development of compartment syndrome from a fracture?
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What is a key consideration in managing edema of the spinal cord?
What is a key consideration in managing edema of the spinal cord?
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What commonly occurs after a spinal cord injury due to swelling?
What commonly occurs after a spinal cord injury due to swelling?
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Study Notes
Environmental Emergencies
- Heat stroke vs. heat exhaustion: Heat stroke is worse; individuals cannot sweat.
-
Heat stroke treatment:
- Lower core temperature (cold water immersion if possible).
- Ice packs.
- Cold fluids.
- Monitor temperature and dysrhythmias.
- Monitor breathing (ABCs).
- Monitor urine output (watch for tea-colored urine- think rhabdo and dehydration).
Hypothermia
- Effect on blood: Thickens blood, causing clots and potential heart attacks/PEs.
-
Treatment:
- Remove cold clothes.
- Use warm blankets.
- Active warming (warm fluids, warm hugs).
- Passive warming (blanket, warming the room).
- Warm body temperature to 86-90 degrees.
- Monitoring ABCs, cardiac monitor, urine output (due to dehydration/acidosis).
Cold Water/Warm Water Drowning
- Cold water drowning: Slows everything down, potentially allowing for resuscitation.
- Injuries: Pulmonary edema & ARDS (decreased surfactant, alveoli cap membrane damage).
-
Treatment:
- Cervical collar.
- Monitor breathing/airway.
- Oxygen/ABCs.
- Warm patient if in cold water.
Bites
- Cat bites: Sharp teeth, puncture wounds, infection concern.
- Dog bites: Larger mouths, larger areas affected, infection concern.
- Antibiotics: Important for wounds close to joints and wounds above 6-12 hours old.
- Rabies: Prophylactic treatment if from a wild animal; know animal's vaccination status.
Stings
- Removal: Use blade/flat object.
- Allergic reactions: Monitor for allergies, administer antihistamines, steroids.
- Prevention of swelling: Remove restrictive items like rings/watches.
Poisoning
- Decontamination: Brush off powder before showering, focus on ABCs first if breathing/cardiac issues are present
- Ingesting poison: Call poison control; they will direct you, and potentially call back to assess the patients.
- Treatment: Activated charcoal binds toxins for removal.
- Contraindications: Not applicable for patients with bowel issues, hypoactive bowel sounds, bowel obstruction).
Opioid Overdose
- Symptoms: Pinpoint pupils; loss of consciousness; respiratory depression, seizures, hypoxia.
- Treatment: NARCAN; monitor ABCs
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Cause: Common in males, often due to automobile accidents.
- Observation: Observe for obvious injuries, like head lacerations.
- Secondary concerns: More concerning; permanent damage due to edema, ischemia, and inflammation.
- Phrenic nerve: Controls diaphragm; nerve damage can disrupt breathing.
- Spinal shock: Loss of deep tendon reflex, sphincter reflex, and below injury level sensation and paralysis; happens soon after injury and swelling prevents clear diagnosis.
- Neurogenic shock: Damage to T6 and above results in issues with regulating temperature and blood pressure.
Neurogenic Shock
- Characteristics: T6 and above spinal cord injuries can lead to decreased cardiac output, venous pooling, systolic BP below 90, temperature dysregulation (warm to cold skin), decreased respiratory function from C3-C5.
Respiratory Issues
- Levels C3-C5: Affect diaphragm function.
- T6 and higher injury: Can result in bradycardia (slow heart rate), or dysreflexia (elevated blood pressure & other symptoms).
Trauma
- Tension pneumothorax: Deadly; shifted mediastinum, affects respiratory/cardiac; requires urgent decompression (needle/chest tube).
- Flail chest: Paradoxical movement of chest wall; multiple broken ribs.
Abdominal Injuries
- Do not pull out impaled object.
TBI
- Management: Life-long support; prioritize sleep, routine, stress triggers, and avoidance of substances that trigger symptoms.
Trauma Nursing
- ESI (Emergency Severity Index): 5 levels, 1 being the most severe.
Primary and Secondary Surveys
- Primary: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability (GCS, pupils).
- Secondary survey: Focus on the patient's condition and complete evaluation.
- Priorities: Control uncontrolled circulation first (fix the bleed, then move to other issues).
L-lab work, m-monitor, n-NG or OG tube (facial trauma), o- oxygen, p-pain or pharmaceutical, non-pharmaceutical.
Sepsis
- Levels: SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, sepsis shock.
- Lactate: Elevated (above 4) indicates severe sepsis.
- Respiratory: Respiratory system may be severely affected by hypoxic issues.
- GI: Can be affected by paralytic ileus.
- Kidney function: Kidney failure (renal failure) may be observed if blood is not flowing correctly.
Oncology Emergencies
- Neutropenia: Low WBC count.
- Infections: Susceptibility to infection is high.
- Thrombocytopenia: Risk of bleeding due to issues with blood platelets.
- Hypercalcemia: Elevated calcium levels.
- Causes: Often related to cancer.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Symptom triggers: Chemo can trigger tumor lysis syndrome (TLS).
- Symptoms: Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia.
- Timeframe: Symptoms happen within 24-48 hours after treatment.
- Kidney function concern: Kidneys are at risk.
- Fluid/electrolyte management: Hydration is important before chemo.
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
- Symptom trigger: Obstruction of blood flow to the upper body; blood backs up in the upper extremities, causing swelling and higher BP in the upper extremities.
- Additional symptoms: Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
Spinal Cord Compression
- Symptom trigger: Tumor in the spinal cord.
- Symptoms: Severe pain, usually in supine position but better when sitting up; urgent need for MRI.
- Treatment: Usually requires steroids, MRI, and possibly surgery or radiation.
Burns
- Parkland formula: Used in burn management.
- Intubation: Necessary if oral burn swelling occurs.
SIADH
- Excessive water retention: Can lead to mental status changes, decreased reflexes; sodium levels below 125 are concerning.
- Correcting sodium imbalances: Should not be done too quickly).
Other
- Fact-focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST): Ultrasound used to assess for internal bleeding in trauma patients.
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Description
Test your knowledge on critical environmental emergencies including heat stroke, hypothermia, and drowning. This quiz covers symptoms, treatments, and monitoring techniques essential for effective first aid. Assess your understanding of these life-threatening conditions and the appropriate responses.
