Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of implementing various husbandry practices on a farm?
What is the primary goal of implementing various husbandry practices on a farm?
- To enhance crop production
- To reduce disease risk to animals (correct)
- To improve the aesthetics of the farm
- To increase livestock numbers
Which measure is essential for bio-security on a farm?
Which measure is essential for bio-security on a farm?
- Minimizing the number of fences
- Increasing the variety of animal species
- Controlling the movement of animals and people (correct)
- Encouraging maximum visitor access
What is an effect of overcrowding on animal health?
What is an effect of overcrowding on animal health?
- Increased risk of infection (correct)
- Increased food availability
- Decreased stress levels
- Improved grazing land access
Why is fencing important in animal health management?
Why is fencing important in animal health management?
What should farmers do to mitigate the risks of disease transmission associated with habitats?
What should farmers do to mitigate the risks of disease transmission associated with habitats?
Which of the following practices can help improve on-farm bio-security?
Which of the following practices can help improve on-farm bio-security?
What is a consequence of prolonged journeys for animals?
What is a consequence of prolonged journeys for animals?
Which factor is NOT considered a preventative measure in general husbandry practices?
Which factor is NOT considered a preventative measure in general husbandry practices?
What is one way to minimize the risk of disease among farm animals?
What is one way to minimize the risk of disease among farm animals?
Which factor is NOT important in the on-farm bio-security measures?
Which factor is NOT important in the on-farm bio-security measures?
What does the term 'fodder' refer to?
What does the term 'fodder' refer to?
Which practice can improve the quality of pasture?
Which practice can improve the quality of pasture?
Why is the nutritional status of an animal crucial?
Why is the nutritional status of an animal crucial?
What aspect makes total bio-security difficult to achieve?
What aspect makes total bio-security difficult to achieve?
Which type of plants can be used as fodder crops?
Which type of plants can be used as fodder crops?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the purpose of bio-security on farms?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the purpose of bio-security on farms?
What is a primary focus of Environmental Animal Health Management?
What is a primary focus of Environmental Animal Health Management?
Who are the primary stakeholders involved in Environmental Animal Health Management?
Who are the primary stakeholders involved in Environmental Animal Health Management?
What geographical area is primarily targeted by the Sub-Regional Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative?
What geographical area is primarily targeted by the Sub-Regional Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative?
Which organization is associated with the authors of the technical report on Environmental Animal Health Management?
Which organization is associated with the authors of the technical report on Environmental Animal Health Management?
What is one of the main outcomes expected from the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative?
What is one of the main outcomes expected from the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative?
What type of publication is the report primarily classified as?
What type of publication is the report primarily classified as?
How many citations did the publication receive according to the statistics provided?
How many citations did the publication receive according to the statistics provided?
Which aspect of animal management is crucial for enhancing smallholder production?
Which aspect of animal management is crucial for enhancing smallholder production?
What is the main consequence of using cattle and buffalo dung as fertilizer in rice fields regarding the parasite lifecycle?
What is the main consequence of using cattle and buffalo dung as fertilizer in rice fields regarding the parasite lifecycle?
What is one recommended measure to control Fasciolosis in cattle?
What is one recommended measure to control Fasciolosis in cattle?
In which regions is Surra, a blood borne parasitic disease, primarily a concern?
In which regions is Surra, a blood borne parasitic disease, primarily a concern?
What is the primary purpose of follow-up field investigations at the provincial level?
What is the primary purpose of follow-up field investigations at the provincial level?
What happens to infected animals suffering from Fasciolosis compared to healthy animals?
What happens to infected animals suffering from Fasciolosis compared to healthy animals?
How do policies differ from laws in the context of organizational decision-making?
How do policies differ from laws in the context of organizational decision-making?
Why do farmers in regions affected by Fasciolosis often neglect the disease?
Why do farmers in regions affected by Fasciolosis often neglect the disease?
What elements should disease control policy formulation be based on?
What elements should disease control policy formulation be based on?
What is the role of duck or chicken manure when mixed with cattle dung for rice field fertilization?
What is the role of duck or chicken manure when mixed with cattle dung for rice field fertilization?
What is the role of Policy Briefs in the policy formulation process?
What is the role of Policy Briefs in the policy formulation process?
What is a significant factor contributing to the increased demand for animal products in South East Asia?
What is a significant factor contributing to the increased demand for animal products in South East Asia?
What is a key symptom of infected animals due to the impact of Fasciolosis?
What is a key symptom of infected animals due to the impact of Fasciolosis?
How does the condition of infected animals typically compare with healthy ones in agricultural regions?
How does the condition of infected animals typically compare with healthy ones in agricultural regions?
Why is animal production and health legislation considered necessary?
Why is animal production and health legislation considered necessary?
What should be included in the process of disease control policy formulation?
What should be included in the process of disease control policy formulation?
What can happen if the increasing demand for animal products is not met by local production?
What can happen if the increasing demand for animal products is not met by local production?
What is the primary focus of the work by Gray et al. (2008)?
What is the primary focus of the work by Gray et al. (2008)?
Which method is discussed in relation to controlling African Trypanosomiasis?
Which method is discussed in relation to controlling African Trypanosomiasis?
Who contributed to the strategic review regarding traps and targets for tsetse control?
Who contributed to the strategic review regarding traps and targets for tsetse control?
What is a significant consequence of sporadic outbreaks of Surra in the Philippines?
What is a significant consequence of sporadic outbreaks of Surra in the Philippines?
What research method did Wint (2007) employ in analyzing animal disease distribution?
What research method did Wint (2007) employ in analyzing animal disease distribution?
Which disease is specifically mentioned alongside its impact on ruminant production?
Which disease is specifically mentioned alongside its impact on ruminant production?
What is the focus of the publication by Vale and Torr (2004)?
What is the focus of the publication by Vale and Torr (2004)?
Which of the following institutions is associated with the publication reviewing Surra in the Philippines?
Which of the following institutions is associated with the publication reviewing Surra in the Philippines?
Flashcards
Environmental Animal Health Management
Environmental Animal Health Management
A field that combines animal health with environmental concerns for better livestock production.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders
Individuals or groups with an interest in animal health and production.
Animal health and production
Animal health and production
The well-being of animals and the process of raising them for products like meat or milk.
Smallholder Production
Smallholder Production
Farming done by small-scale farmers.
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Sub-Regional Initiative
Sub-Regional Initiative
A project or program spanning a few regions.
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Information Compilation
Information Compilation
Gathering and bringing together many types of data concerning the topic.
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Dissemination of information
Dissemination of information
Sharing important information with stakeholders.
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Policy makers
Policy makers
People who create and apply rules for something, like animal welfare.
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Animal health management
Animal health management
A holistic approach to managing animal health, considering the interactions between animals, people, and ecosystems.
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Bio-security Measures
Bio-security Measures
Practices that reduce the risk of introducing or spreading diseases within livestock.
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General Husbandry
General Husbandry
Basic care practices for livestock to prevent diseases.
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Disease risk reduction
Disease risk reduction
Minimizing the chance of livestock getting sick.
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Animal mixing
Animal mixing
Bringing animals from different farms together.
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Grazing management
Grazing management
Controlling livestock access to grazing land to prevent diseases and ensure sufficient feed.
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Stress reduction
Stress reduction
Minimizing factors like overcrowding, temperature variations, and lack of food/water that can weaken animals' immune systems and make them more susceptible to diseases.
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Bio-security on farms
Bio-security on farms
Measures to prevent diseases from entering or spreading within a farm, including control of animal, people, and vehicle movements.
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Animal Biosecurity
Animal Biosecurity
Practices to reduce disease risks by controlling outside contact and preventing spread.
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Biosecurity Isolation
Biosecurity Isolation
Separating new animals to observe for health problems before letting them mix with existing animals.
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Pasture Quality Improvement
Pasture Quality Improvement
Methods to enhance grazing land's nutritional value for livestock.
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Fodder Variety
Fodder Variety
Different food sources for livestock, besides grazing.
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Leguminous Species
Leguminous Species
Plants rich in protein and beneficial for soil fertility.
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Animal Nutritional Status
Animal Nutritional Status
The impact of animal food intake on overall productivity and disease resistance.
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On-Farm Biosecurity Measures
On-Farm Biosecurity Measures
Specific strategies for preventing and controlling diseases on an individual farm.
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Total Biosecurity
Total Biosecurity
Complete disease control measures usually reserved for high-priority settings, expensive and difficult to maintain.
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Policy Formulation
Policy Formulation
The process of creating guidelines for making decisions within an organization to achieve a specific outcome.
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Legislation
Legislation
Laws created to enforce policy objectives and achieve desired outcomes.
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Disease Control Policy
Disease Control Policy
A set of rules designed to manage and prevent animal diseases.
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Epidemiology
Epidemiology
The study of how diseases spread within populations.
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Benefit-Cost Analysis
Benefit-Cost Analysis
Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of a policy, considering costs and outcomes.
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Policy Brief
Policy Brief
A document summarizing key information about a specific policy objective.
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Risk Mapping
Risk Mapping
Identifying and showing areas with high or low risk of disease outbreaks.
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Demand for Animal Products
Demand for Animal Products
The amount of animal products (meat, milk, etc.) people want to buy.
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Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis
A parasitic disease affecting cattle and buffalo, primarily spread through infected snails and rice plants.
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Metacercariae
Metacercariae
The infective stage of the liver fluke parasite, found in rice plants.
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How is Fasciolosis spread?
How is Fasciolosis spread?
Cattle and buffalo get infected by eating rice plants contaminated with metacercariae, which originates from infected snails in rice fields.
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Surra
Surra
A blood-borne parasitic disease of mammals, spread by biting flies.
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Trypanosoma evansi
Trypanosoma evansi
The parasite that causes Surra.
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Where is Surra prevalent?
Where is Surra prevalent?
Surra is common in Africa, Asia, and South America, impacting livestock.
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Impact of Fasciolosis
Impact of Fasciolosis
Infected animals become anemic, slow-growing, and produce less milk and meat, impacting farmers' livelihoods.
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Control measures for Fasciolosis
Control measures for Fasciolosis
Farmers can prevent the disease by avoiding grazing in infected rice fields, feeding only the top parts of rice stalks, treating animals with medication, and using specific manure combinations.
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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
A highly contagious viral disease affecting cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats, characterized by blisters in the mouth and hooves.
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Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis
A group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, affecting both humans and animals.
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Tsetse fly
Tsetse fly
A biting fly that acts as a vector for Trypanosoma parasites, transmitting diseases like Trypanosomiasis.
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Bait technology
Bait technology
Using specific baits to control tsetse flies, often by introducing insecticide-treated baits or traps.
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Spatial analysis
Spatial analysis
Studying the distribution and spread of diseases across space, often using geographical information systems (GIS) to map data.
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Multivariate distribution modelling
Multivariate distribution modelling
Creating a model to understand the complex interactions of multiple factors that influence disease spread.
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Progressive zoning approach
Progressive zoning approach
A strategic method to control and eliminate diseases, gradually expanding safe zones while controlling the outbreak in the affected area.
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Animal Husbandry and Biosecurity
- Husbandry practices are implemented to improve animal health, welfare, and productivity on a farm.
- Biosecurity measures protect animal populations from disease outbreaks. A critical measure is proper sanitation and hygiene practices to prevent the spread of pathogens.
- Overcrowding can stress animals, leading to weakened immune systems and making them more susceptible to diseases.
- Fencing is important for animal health management. It helps prevent the spread of diseases by keeping animals separated from each other and from wild animals, reducing the risk of contact and transmission.
- Farmers should be aware of the diseases associated with specific habitats and the potential for disease transmission.
- Practices that improve biosecurity on-farm include:
- Vaccination: Protecting animals from specific diseases
- Quarantine: Isolating new animals to prevent the spread of diseases
- Pest control: Reducing the presence of disease-carrying insects and animals
- Proper sanitation and hygiene: Cleaning and disinfecting living areas, feed and water containers, and equipment
- Prolonged journeys can stress animals, weakening their immune systems and increasing susceptibility to diseases.
- Preventative measures in general husbandry practices focus on preventing diseases. Treatment is not considered a preventative measure.
- Minimizing disease risk:
- Early detection and prompt treatment of sick animals.
- Good hygiene and sanitation to reduce the spread of harmful organisms.
- Vaccinations for common illnesses, and regular parasite control.
- On-farm biosecurity measures focus on protecting animals from diseases. Animal breeding is not a direct factor in bio-security measures; however, genetic diversity plays a role in resilience to diseases.
- Fodder refers to any type of plant material used as feed for livestock.
- Pasture quality can be improved through proper fertilization, weed control, and rotational grazing.
- Animal nutritional status is essential because it affects their overall health and immune response.
- Total bio-security is difficult to achieve due to the complex interplay of factors – including animal movement, environmental conditions, and human practices – that influence disease transmission.
- Fodder crops: Legumes (alfalfa, clover), grasses (ryegrass, fescue), and browse (trees and shrubs)
- The purpose of biosecurity on farms is to protect animals from diseases and prevent the spread of diseases within and between farms.
Environmental Animal Health Management
- Environmental Animal Health Management (EAHM) focuses on understanding and managing the relationship between animal health, the environment, and human activities.
- The primary stakeholders involved in EAHM include:
- Farmers and livestock producers
- Veterinarians and animal health experts
- Government agencies
- Researchers
- Community members
- The Sub-Regional Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative primarily targets the Southeast Asian region.
- The authors of the technical report on EAHM are associated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
- One key outcome expected from the EAHM Initiative is the strengthening of national animal health systems and the control of zoonotic diseases.
- The report is classified as a Technical Report, and it has received 261 citations.
Animal Production and Disease Control
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Animal production systems that incorporate sound animal management practices are crucial for enhancing smallholder production, particularly in developing countries.
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The use of cattle and buffalo dung as fertilizer in rice fields can contribute to the spread of parasitic diseases. This is because the parasite's lifecycle can be completed in the rice paddy environment.
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Fasciolosis in cattle can be controlled through proper grazing management, regular deworming, and the use of appropriate anthelmintic drugs.
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Surra, a blood-borne parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is a significant concern in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and South America.
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Follow-up field investigations at the provincial level are conducted to help identify specific areas where disease outbreaks are more frequent, understand the causes of outbreaks, and develop targeted control strategies.
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Animals suffering from Fasciolosis generally have a lower production efficiency compared to healthy animals. They may also experience weight loss, anemia, and reduced milk production.
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Policies are general guidelines or principles, while laws are legally binding rules. Policies can be implemented to guide the development of laws.
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Farmers in areas affected by Fasciolosis often neglect the disease due to factors such as:
- A lack of awareness about the disease and its impact.
- Limited access to veterinary services.
- Financial constraints.
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Disease control policy formulation should be based on:
- Epidemiological data: Understanding the disease's prevalence and distribution.
- Biological factors: Understanding how the disease spreads and its impact on animals.
- Socioeconomic factors: Considering the economic impact of the disease and the available resources for control.
- Environmental factors: Understanding how the environment influences disease transmission.
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Duck or chicken manure mixed with cattle dung for rice field fertilization can reduce the parasite's lifecycle by competing with the development of parasite larvae.
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Policy briefs provide condensed and accessible information on important policy issues, aiding in the policy formulation process.
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The increasing demand for animal products in Southeast Asia is driven by factors like:
- Population growth.
- Rising incomes.
- Changing dietary preferences.
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A key symptom of animals infected with Fasciolosis is anemia, leading to weakness and reduced productivity.
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Animals infected with Fasciolosis are typically in poorer health than healthy animals, often exhibiting weight loss, reduced milk production, and lethargy.
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Legislation concerning animal production and health is considered necessary for:
- Protecting animal health and welfare.
- Ensuring safe and healthy animal products for consumers.
- Preventing the spread of diseases.
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The process of disease control policy formulation should include stakeholder engagement to ensure policies are practical and effective.
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If the increasing demand for animal products is not met by local production, it can lead to increased reliance on imports, potentially causing food security issues.
African Trypanosomiasis
- Gray et al. (2008) focused on analyzing the distribution of African trypanosomiasis and its impact on livestock production.
- Controlling the disease in livestock populations involves integrated pest management strategies such as:
- Tsetse fly control: Reducing tsetse fly populations through strategies like insecticide spraying, traps and targets.
- Drug treatment: Using trypanocides to kill trypanosomes in infected animals.
- Vector-resistant livestock: Breeding livestock that are less susceptible to tsetse fly bites.
- The strategic review of traps and targets for tsetse control was contributed to by a team of researchers including Dr. G.J. Vale and Dr. S.J. Torr.
- Sporadic outbreaks of Surra in the Philippines can lead to significant economic losses for livestock producers and the potential spread of the disease to other regions.
- Wint (2007) employed spatial analysis techniques to analyze animal disease distribution patterns, identifying regions at higher risk.
- African Trypanosomiasis is specifically mentioned alongside its impact on ruminant production.
- The publication by Vale and Torr (2004) focused on the evaluation of tsetse traps and targets for controlling African trypanosomiasis.
- The publication reviewing Surra in the Philippines is associated with the University of the Philippines Los Baños.
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