Entrepreneurship and Development in Nigeria

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key objectives of the Third National Development Plan in Nigeria?

  • Promote foreign investment exclusively.
  • Establish global enterprises only.
  • Make the capital city the sole industrial hub.
  • Reduce rural-urban migration. (correct)

Which attribute is NOT typically associated with entrepreneurs?

  • Filling market gaps.
  • Avoiding risks in business. (correct)
  • Providing leadership within organizations.
  • Mobilizing financial resources.

According to McClelland, which of the following is a responsibility of entrepreneurs?

  • Discover opportunities and allocate resources effectively. (correct)
  • Avoid engaging with dynamic environments.
  • Limit their activities to local markets only.
  • Strictly manage finances without innovation.

What does Social Network Theory emphasize in the context of entrepreneurship?

<p>The importance of social relationships in accessing resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Joseph Schumpeter define entrepreneurship?

<p>As the driver of economic development through innovation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of business networking?

<p>To build relationships for mutual benefit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Effectuation Theory?

<p>Emphasizing resource constraints to create opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of savings and loan institutions in the Third National Development Plan?

<p>They support small-scale industries financially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does entrepreneurship primarily involve?

<p>Identifying opportunities and creating value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of business networking?

<p>Guaranteed immediate promotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Schumpeter's Theory of Innovation, which of the following is NOT identified as a type of innovation?

<p>New Marketing Strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'path-breakers' imply in the context of entrepreneurs?

<p>They drive economic and industrial growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a networking event, what should be the main focus?

<p>Building meaningful connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does Role Theory analyze in relation to entrepreneurs?

<p>Conflicts between social roles and business responsibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the importance of effective use of local resources in the Third National Development Plan?

<p>To enhance the effectiveness of local raw materials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step in the pre-event preparation for networking?

<p>Set clear goals for interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Strategic Management Theory in entrepreneurship?

<p>Analyzing market conditions and competitors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is NOT part of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory?

<p>Implementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of business networking involves face-to-face interactions?

<p>Industry conferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do entrepreneurs prioritize according to Effectuation Theory?

<p>Partnerships and resource pooling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should follow a networking event to strengthen connections?

<p>Send a follow-up email expressing gratitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which objective of business networking involves learning about industry trends?

<p>Knowledge Sharing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do innovations play according to Schumpeter's Theory?

<p>They disrupt market equilibrium and foster growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way networking can enhance brand awareness?

<p>Through establishing trusted partnerships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes entrepreneurship?

<p>Identifying investment opportunities and managing enterprises for profit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines intrapreneurship according to Stoner (1999)?

<p>Exploring new opportunities using an organization’s existing resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary step in intrapreneurial development within organizations?

<p>Encouraging innovation through new products and methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the suggested ways to promote intrapreneurship in organizations according to Emmanuel (2008)?

<p>Providing freedom and flexibility for innovative projects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do intrapreneurs primarily play within an organization?

<p>They are responsible for turning ideas into profitable realities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results can be attributed to effective intrapreneurship?

<p>Increased innovation and adaptability to change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the entrepreneurship theory, what does it primarily explore?

<p>The motivations and conditions leading to opportunity identification and risk-taking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features of an effective intrapreneurial climate?

<p>Investment in environments that encourage innovative thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a feasibility study?

<p>To evaluate a business idea's potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT evaluated in the economic and financial viability of a feasibility study?

<p>Cultural compatibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key information is required for market analysis in a feasibility study?

<p>Past and present consumption trends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In technical analysis, what aspect is NOT typically considered?

<p>Consumer preferences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is considered in the ecological analysis of a feasibility study?

<p>Potential environmental damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following factors indicates business opportunities?

<p>Overpriced goods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the financial analysis of a feasibility study specifically determine?

<p>Profitability and funding sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In analyzing a business idea, which of the following aspects relates to administrative feasibility?

<p>Efficiency in operations and management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of forming a partnership compared to a sole proprietorship?

<p>Easier to raise capital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of a partnership when compared to a limited liability company?

<p>Partners have unlimited liability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is typically covered in a deed of partnership?

<p>Profit-sharing ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a partnership if a major partner leaves or dies?

<p>The business can continue, but may face difficulties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of partner contributes capital but does not engage in daily business activities?

<p>Dormant Partner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a reason for conflicts among partners in a partnership?

<p>Disagreements on business decisions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a deed of partnership help a business?

<p>It outlines the operational structure and responsibilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a requirement for a partnership?

<p>Registration with the government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Third National Development Plan (1975-1980) Objectives

The Third National Development Plan (1975-1980) aimed to boost local resource utilization, create job opportunities, distribute industries across Nigeria, improve infrastructure, curb rural-urban migration, and support small-scale businesses with financial institutions.

Who is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who identifies and capitalizes on business opportunities, gathers resources, manages risks, and drives the success of their ventures.

Role of Entrepreneurs in Economic Development

Entrepreneurs play a crucial role in driving economic development by creating new products, services, and markets.

What is Entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that involves actively seeking out opportunities, taking calculated risks, and creating value in the market.

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McClelland's Definition of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs identify opportunities, allocate resources wisely, and manage operations effectively.

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Amit et al.'s Definition of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs combine resources, innovate to generate profits, and thrive in uncertain environments.

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Ogundele's Definition of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs drive initiatives, overcome challenges, and ensure sustained growth and stability for their ventures.

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Kuratko & Hodgetts' Definition of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs excel at identifying opportunities amidst chaos and ambiguity.

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Entrepreneurship

The ability and willingness to identify investment opportunities and manage enterprises for profit.

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Intrapreneurship

Creating new ventures within existing organizations.

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Intrapreneurs

Individuals who drive innovation within an organization.

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Developing the Vision

Sharing and communicating the organization's vision to inspire members and define clear objectives.

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Encouraging Innovation

Introducing new products, methods of production, markets, sources of materials, or organizational structures.

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Structuring for an Intrapreneurial Climate

Creating an environment that fosters and supports innovative thinking. This includes investing in collaboration and information sharing.

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Promoting Intrapreneurship

Encouraging employees to think like entrepreneurs by providing freedom and flexibility for pursuing innovative projects and reducing bureaucratic constraints.

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Entrepreneurship Theory

The study of how new ventures are created, developed, and sustained, examining the processes, motivations, and conditions for identifying opportunities, taking risks, and innovating.

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What is business networking?

Building relationships with individuals and organizations to exchange information, resources, and opportunities for mutual benefit.

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How does business networking benefit your career?

Gaining access to hidden job openings through recommendations and showcasing your skills to potential employers or collaborators.

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How does business networking benefit your brand?

Increasing visibility and credibility for personal or organizational brands through building relationships that lead to referrals and new business opportunities.

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How does business networking benefit your knowledge?

Learning from experienced professionals about industry trends and best practices, accessing valuable insights that can enhance decision-making and strategy.

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What are some examples of in-person networking?

Industry conferences, trade shows, and seminars where you can meet potential clients, partners, and colleagues face-to-face.

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What are some examples of online networking?

Platforms like LinkedIn where professionals can connect virtually, share expertise, and engage in discussions.

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What are some pre-event preparation tips for effective networking?

Setting clear goals for networking interactions, researching attendees or key individuals to identify potential connections, preparing unique conversation starters to demonstrate interest and build rapport.

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What are some during-event tips for effective networking?

Engaging in meaningful conversations with authenticity and professionalism, focusing on building connections rather than immediate gains.

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Social Network Theory in entrepreneurship

This theory states that entrepreneurs leverage their social connections to access resources, information, and support for their ventures.

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Role Theory in entrepreneurship

This theory explains how entrepreneurs navigate the expectations and demands of different roles in their life, like running a business and fulfilling family obligations.

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Effectuation Theory in entrepreneurship

This theory focuses on how entrepreneurs, instead of starting with a specific goal, use available resources and partnerships to discover and create new opportunities.

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Schumpeter's Theory of Innovation

This theory views innovation as a key driver of economic growth, with entrepreneurs disrupting markets by introducing new products, services, and processes.

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Types of innovation in Schumpeter's theory

Schumpeter's theory identifies five types of innovation that entrepreneurs introduce to disrupt markets.

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Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations

This theory explains how innovations spread through societies in stages, from awareness to trial and adoption.

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Strategic Management Theory in entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs utilize tools like SWOT analysis to understand their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the market. This helps them make informed strategic decisions.

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Management Entrepreneurship Theory

This theory explores how entrepreneurs formulate and implement strategic plans to achieve their business goals.

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What is a Partnership?

A business structure where two or more people agree to share profits and losses, with each partner being personally liable for all business debts.

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What is a Limited Partnership?

A type of partnership where some partners have unlimited liability for the business's debts, while others have limited liability based on their investment.

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What is a Deed of Partnership?

A legal document that outlines how a partnership will operate. It covers essential details like profit sharing, partner responsibilities, and dispute resolution.

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Who are Active Partners?

Partners who actively manage the business and contribute to its daily operations.

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Who are Dormant (Sleeping) Partners?

Partners who invest money in the business but don't participate in daily activities. They still share profits and losses.

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Who are Nominal Partners?

Partners who don't invest much but lend their name to enhance the business's reputation. They often have little actual involvement.

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How can partnerships benefit from multiple partners?

A significant advantage of partnerships, allowing for combined expertise and better decision-making.

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What is a potential disadvantage of disagreements in a partnership?

A potential disadvantage of partnerships, as disagreements or conflicts between partners can lead to business closure.

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What is a feasibility study?

A feasibility study evaluates a business idea's potential to determine if it's worth investing time, money, and resources.

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What is technical feasibility?

A technical feasibility study checks if the idea is possible given the available technology, resources, and expertise. It focuses on production methods, materials, and the feasibility of the technology.

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What is administrative feasibility?

An administrative feasibility study evaluates the efficiency of the management structure, operations, and processes needed to run the business.

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What is economic & financial feasibility?

An economic and financial feasibility study examines the profitability and financial viability of the idea. It looks at the costs, funding sources, profit potential, and overall financial risks.

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What is cultural compatibility?

A cultural compatibility study analyzes how well the business aligns with the values, traditions, and customs of the community and stakeholders.

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What is a market analysis?

A market analysis examines the demand for the product or service, the potential market share, and the competition. It considers factors like consumer behavior, pricing, distribution channels, and legal constraints.

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What is an ecological analysis?

An ecological analysis assesses the potential environmental impact of the business, especially for industries with significant environmental footprint. It examines potential damage, restoration costs, and containment measures.

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What are some indicators of business opportunities?

Factors like poor product quality, overpriced goods, lack of support services, monopoly conditions, technological advancements, product failures, growing demand for new products and expanding market trends indicate business opportunities.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Entrepreneurship

  • Entrepreneurship is crucial for economic growth, driving innovation, and improving living standards.
  • Successful economies like the USA, France, Japan and Germany have effectively used entrepreneurial concepts for employment, savings, and capital efficiency.
  • Developing nations, such as Nigeria have underutilized entrepreneurship.

Types of Entrepreneurship

  • Intrapreneurship: Innovation within existing organizations without direct financial risk.
  • Corporate Entrepreneurship: Creating new businesses, products, or services within an existing organization.

Nigeria's Industrialization Policy (1962-1968)

  • The First National Development Plan prioritized large-scale, capital-intensive industries.
  • This caused negative impacts, including heavy reliance on imported materials, minimal job creation, low value added from local resources, weak GDP contribution by manufacturing, and neglecting exports.
  • The 1980s oil glut and global recession highlighted the flaws in this approach.

A Shift Towards Indigenous Entrepreneurship (Nigeria)

  • The Third National Development Plan (1975-1980) focused on local resources, job creation, equitable distribution of industry, improved infrastructure, and reduced rural-urban migration.
  • The goal was to promote aggressive indigenous entrepreneurship as a foundation for sustainable economic growth.

Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship Defined

  • An entrepreneur identifies opportunities, gathers resources, manages risks, and ensures venture success.
  • Key definitions include McClelland (1966), Amit et al. (1993), and Ogundele (2000).
  • Entrepreneurs are "path-breakers" driving economic and industrial growth (Fadahunsi, 1992).

Attributes of an Entrepreneur

  • Fills market gaps.
  • Identifies and pursues opportunities.
  • Mobilizes financial resources.
  • Creates time-sensitive strategies.
  • Manages and assumes ultimate responsibility.
  • Takes risks in uncertain conditions.
  • Motivates and leads teams.

Entrepreneurial Functions

  • Searching for and discovering new information.
  • Transforming information into markets, techniques, and products
  • Identifying economic opportunities
  • Evaluating opportunities
  • Mobilizing necessary financial resources
  • Establishing time-sensitive plans
  • Managing the enterprise effectively
  • Motivating the workforce
  • Leading and coordinating the workgroup.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

  • Long-term commitment and hard work.
  • Self-confidence.
  • Total involvement in ventures.
  • Persistent problem-solving abilities.
  • Goal-oriented focus.
  • Calculated risk-taking.
  • Determination to see projects through.
  • Courage to handle failure.
  • Strong organizational and management skills.
  • Initiative and personal responsibility.
  • Decision-making ability.
  • Leadership qualities.
  • Achievement-driven motivation.

Factors That Promote Entrepreneurship Development

  • Free and democratic society.
  • Free enterprise system.
  • Diverse investment opportunities.
  • Environmental choices.
  • Reward systems.
  • Permissive culture.
  • Strong educational systems.
  • Encouragement of risk-taking.
  • Political and religious freedom.
  • Achievement-oriented society.
  • Adventurous spirit.
  • Stable government policies

Contributions of Entrepreneurship to Economic Development

  • Employment generation.
  • Utilization of indigenous resources.
  • Equitable income distribution.
  • Fostering innovation.
  • Entrepreneurship development.
  • Boosting GDP and national income

Rewards of Entrepreneurship

  • Pride and satisfaction.
  • Independence.
  • Creativity and innovation.
  • Self-actualization.
  • Resource utilization.
  • Economic power.
  • Fulfillment.
  • Higher income opportunities
  • Community impact

Costs of Entrepreneurship

  • Uncertainty and risk.
  • Financial loss.
  • Irregular income.
  • High effort and time commitment.

Entrepreneurship Theories

  • Opportunity Recognition: Identifying market gaps, understanding customer needs, analyzing trends.
  • Resource-Based View (RBV): Importance of resources (tangible and intangible).
  • Innovation and Creativity: Disrupting markets and creating new industries.
  • Risk and Uncertainty: Assessing and managing risk.
  • Social Entrepreneurship: Social impact alongside profit maximization.
  • Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Networks and environments supporting entrepreneurship; including government, education, and investors.

Psychological Theories of Entrepreneurship

  • Need for achievement.
  • Risk-taking propensity.
  • Social learning theory
  • Entrepreneurial intentions model

Sociological Theories of Entrepreneurship

  • Social network theory.
  • Role theory

Management Entrepreneurship Theory

  • Strategic management theory.
  • Effectuation theory

Innovation Theories of Entrepreneurship

  • Schumpeter's theory of innovation: entrepreneurs disrupt markets through product, process, market, and source of supply innovation.
  • Rogers' diffusion of innovations: examines how innovations spread through different categories of adopters

Forms of Business Organization: Sole Proprietorship

  • Ownership: Owned by one individual.
  • Capital/Funding: Sole proprietor sources capital.
  • No Separate Entity: Business and owner are legally the same.
  • Not a Legal Entity: Minimal legal formalities.
  • Profit and Loss: Owner receives all profits and bears all losses.
  • Control: Complete control by the owner.
  • Unlimited Liability: Owner personally liable for debts.
  • Advantages: Easy to form and wind-up; less expensive; quick decisions; flexibility.

Partnership Advantages and Disadvantages

  • Advantages: Partners can combine expertise, share risks, and access more capital. Easier to establish than a corporation.
  • Disadvantages: Unlimited liability for general partners; potential for disagreements; difficulties in transferring ownership.
  • Partnership Deed: Outlines partnership provisions to avoid conflicts.

Joint Stock Companies Advantages and Disadvantages

  • Advantages: Limited liability, increased capital, perpetual existence, and transferable ownership.
  • Disadvantages: Complex formation process; agency problems (conflicts of interest between shareholders and management); double taxation.

(Includes detailed information on co-operative societies, B2G, C2B, and various e-commerce model types; as well as critical aspects like ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, market research, and feasibility studies.)

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