24 Questions
What is a likely consequence of humane orientation in a society?
The social environment will still be supportive even in the event of failure
What is one of the reasons why people do not start a business even though they might want to?
Fear of failure
What is a positive relationship between humane orientation and entrepreneurial activity?
The higher the humane orientation, the higher the entrepreneurial activity
In which type of countries is the effect of humane orientation likely to be stronger?
Low-and-medium GDP countries
What is an outcome of humane orientation in a society?
Entrepreneurs will feel supported and sufficiently secure
What is a characteristic of a society with high humane orientation?
The social environment will be supportive even in case of failure
What is a consequence of a society with low humane orientation?
The social environment will not be supportive in case of failure
What is the relationship between humane orientation and entrepreneurial activity in low-and-medium GDP countries?
The higher the humane orientation, the higher the entrepreneurial activity
What is the primary characteristic of a humane-oriented society?
Rewarding of fairness, altruism, and kindness towards others
What is a consequence of a high humane orientation in a society?
A conservative attitude and pressure for conformism
In a humane-oriented society, what type of support do people within a close circle receive?
Material, financial, and social support
According to which researchers is humane orientation associated with material, financial, and social support?
Kabasakal & Bodur
What is the primary focus of humane orientation?
Fairness, altruism, and kindness towards others
What is a characteristic of people in a humane-oriented society?
Fair, altruistic, and friendly
In which type of societies is humane orientation more important?
Low-and-medium GDP countries
Who defined humane orientation as the degree to which societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair and kind?
House et al.
What is the primary reason why entrepreneurs in high GDP countries can achieve their high-growth and high-innovation goals more easily?
Availability of resources such as law services and technical know-how
What is the proposed relationship between performance orientation and high-quality entrepreneurship?
Performance orientation is positively related to high-quality entrepreneurship
In which type of societies do women have the same self-effacing, group morals like men?
Feminine societies
What is the primary focus of future orientation?
Planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification
What is the expected outcome of countries with high future orientation?
They have a strong capability and willingness to imagine future contingencies
What is the expected relationship between future orientation and high-quality entrepreneurial activity?
Countries with high future orientation have more high-quality entrepreneurial activity
What is the proposed relationship between the performance orientation and high-quality entrepreneurship in high GDP countries?
The relationship is stronger in high GDP countries
What is the primary difference between masculine and feminine societies?
The disparity between men's values and women's values
Study Notes
Individualism vs Collectivism
- Individualism influences the type of innovation strategy, not the absolute levels
- High individualism can be dysfunctional for innovation and has a curvilinear relationship with entrepreneurship
- Collectivism helps entrepreneurship by providing social support and resources, especially in low-and-medium GDP countries
Collectivism
- Collectivistic societies provide more social support and resources for entrepreneurship
- Families in collectivistic societies are more helpful in providing resources and social security
- Collectivistic orientation fosters commitment and sacrifice among employees and minimizes uncertainty associated with business creation and innovation implementation
Humane Orientation
- Humane orientation is the degree to which societies encourage and reward fairness, altruism, and kindness
- In high humane oriented societies, people receive material, financial, and social support
- Humane orientation helps entrepreneurship by providing resources and support in the event of failure
- It allows for errors and failures, and people are encouraged to try again
Humane Orientation and Entrepreneurship
- The positive relationship between humane orientation and entrepreneurial activity is stronger in low-and-medium GDP countries
- The effect of humane orientation is likely to be stronger in low-and-medium GDP countries due to the consequences of failure
Power Distance
- Power distance measures the degree to which members of a society expect and agree that power should be unequally distributed
- Societies with higher power distance tend to have limited upward social mobility, localized information, and social status linked to established power relationships
- Research suggests that entrepreneurial activity should be higher in low power distance countries
Performance Orientation
- Performance orientation is positively related to high-quality entrepreneurship (high-growth and high-innovation entrepreneurship)
- The positive relationship is stronger in high GDP countries than in low-and-medium GDP countries
Masculinity vs Femininity
- Masculinity portrays the role of gender and value disparity between men and women in a country
- In feminine societies, women have the same self-effacing, group morals as men, whereas in masculine societies, women's ethics differ from men's
Future Orientation
- Future orientation addresses the degree to which individuals engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning and investing in the future
- Countries with high future orientation have a strong capability and willingness to imagine future contingencies and formulate future goals
- Future orientation is related to high-quality entrepreneurial activity
This quiz assesses your understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and cultural values such as individualism and collectivism. It explores the impact of these values on innovation strategy and entrepreneurship.
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