Questions and Answers
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Little-Endian = Stores the least significant value first in multibyte data storage Big-Endian = Stores the most significant value first in multibyte data storage Primitive Types = Basic data types provided by a programming language Message Composition = Structure where messages are composed of fixed-length and variable-length fields
Match the following advantages/disadvantages with the corresponding description:
Human readable = Advantage of primitive types for easy interpretation by humans Arbitrary size = Advantage of primitive types for flexibility in storage allocation Inefficient = Disadvantage of primitive types due to performance issues Arithmetic manipulation = Disadvantage of primitive types related to mathematical operations
Match the given characters/numbers with their representation or usage:
M o m = Literal representation of characters 'M', 'o', 'm' Integer encoded decimal digits 49 55 57 57 56 55 48 = '1799870' represented in ASCII encoding 1 2 = '12' represented as short short in message composition 0 3 77 0 111 0 109 = '03M' represented using integer values
Match the following terminologies with their meanings:
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Study Notes
Enterprise Architecture and Data Governance
- Enterprise Architecture (EA) is the structure of an organization's IT systems and processes, which helps or hinders day-to-day operations and business strategy execution.
- EA solves two critical challenges: determining the direction of the organization and how to get there.
- Data Governance is the process of ensuring data is secure, private, accurate, available, and usable, including actions, processes, and technology throughout the data life cycle.
Strategic Focus and Benefits of EA
- EA's strategic focus is to solve IT systems' complexity and overcome poor business alignment.
- The benefits of EA include:
- Cutting IT costs and increasing productivity
- Determining competitiveness, flexibility, and IT economics
- Aligning IT capabilities with business strategy
- Reducing the risk of buying or building incompatible systems and enterprise apps
Politics and People Conflict
- A culture of distrust between technology and employees may exist, which can be bridged by genuine commitment to change and support from senior management.
- Methodologies can only provide a framework, not solve people problems.
Complexity and Planning
- As enterprise information systems become more complex, the importance of long-range IT planning increases dramatically.
- The relationship between complexity and planning is similar to physical construction projects, such as building a skyscraper or transportation system.
- EA provides a well-designed set of plans, or blueprint, with four components: Business Architecture, Application Architecture, Data Architecture, and Technical Architecture.
Business Benefits of EA
- EA cuts IT costs and increases productivity by providing access to information, insights, and ideas.
- EA determines competitiveness, flexibility, and IT economics for the next decade and beyond.
- EA aligns IT capabilities with business strategy to grow, innovate, and respond to market demands.
- EA reduces the risk of buying or building incompatible systems and enterprise apps.
Alignment between IT and Business Strategy
- EA starts with the organization's target and identifies business drivers to respond to.
- EA guides and controls digital technology investments, ensuring alignment with business strategy.
Data Usage in an Organization
- Data are used in an organization for running the business (transactional or operational use) and for improving the business (analytic use).
Data Governance
- Data governance is the process of creating and agreeing to standards and requirements for data collection, identification, storage, and use.
- Data governance ensures that insights can be trusted and that data is of sufficient quality to meet business needs.
- Data governance policies must address structured, semistructured, and unstructured data.
Interest in Data Governance and MDM
- Interest in data governance and MDM has increased due to the growing need to manage data as a strategic asset.
- Data governance is critical for extracting full value from data, particularly in customer-centric business models.
Personal Conflict or Politics in Data Governance
- A culture of distrust between technology and employees may exist, which can hinder data governance success.
- Genuine commitment to change and support from senior management can help bridge this divide.
TCP Client/Server Interaction
- TCP client/server interaction involves a client creating a TCP socket, communicating with the server, and closing the connection.
- The server creates a TCP socket, binds it to a port, sets it to listen, and repeatedly accepts new connections, communicates, and closes the connection.
TCP Tidbits
- Client knows server name, IP address, and port.
- There is no correlation between send() and recv().
Closing a Connection
- Close() is used to delimit/define communication, analogous to EOF.
- Client and server use close() to close the connection.
Constructing Messages
- Messages can be constructed beyond simple strings using byte transport.
- Application protocol provides semantics for the bytes.
TCP/IP Byte Transport
- TCP/IP protocols transport bytes, but applications provide semantics for the bytes.
- Application protocol encodes information in bytes, and sender and receiver must agree on semantics.
Application Protocol
- Application protocol provides semantics for the bytes.
- Encode information in bytes, and sender and receiver must agree on semantics.
Primitive Types
- Primitive types include strings, integers, and others.
- String encoding uses character encoding (ASCII, Unicode, UTF) and delimiting (length vs. termination character).
- Integer encoding uses native representation (Little-Endian or Big-Endian) and network byte order.
Message Composition
- Messages can be composed of fields, including fixed-length and variable-length fields.
- Fields can be encoded using primitive types and composed into messages.
