Enterotoxin and Tetanospasmin Quiz

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What is the primary effect of tetanospasmin on the nervous system?

Stimulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters

Enhancement of acetylcholine release

Direct muscle stimulation

Blockage of the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (correct)

Which type of bacteria is associated with the production of endotoxins?

Viruses

Fungi

Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria (correct)

What is the result of endotoxin stimulation of macrophages?

Apoptosis of immune cells

Release of antibodies

Activation of T-cells

Production of cytokines (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the pathogenicity of a virus?

Ability to produce permanent mutations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the blockage of acetylcholine release by tetanospasmin?

Continuous muscle contraction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disruption of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an exotoxin?

Enterotoxin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of chronic infections caused by fungi?

Allergic response (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do proteases contribute to the pathogenic effect of fungi?

By modifying host cell membranes for attachment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Streptococcus pneumoniae escapes host defenses?

Encapsulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of new cases of a disease in a defined population over a specific period?

Incidence (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Giardia escapes host defenses?

Antigenic variation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the period prevalence of a disease?

The number of cases in a population during a specific period (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is a known reservoir of rabies?

Bat (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease in humans may be acquired by ingestion of prion-infected beef?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJ) disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What disease may be acquired from infected birds?

Psittacosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium may infect persons skinning rabbits?

Francisella tularensis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transmission involves arthropods?

Vehicular vectors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the age groups that are most susceptible to infectious diseases?

The very young and the very old (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does stress affect host susceptibility to infection?

Stress decreases host resistance to pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does malnutrition affect host susceptibility to infection?

Malnutrition alters the composition of the normal flora and increases susceptibility of host to pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can reduce host resistance to infections?

Aggressive cancer therapies (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a reservoir in relation to infectious diseases?

A reservoir is any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can compromise an individual's immune system?

Organ transplant and immunosuppressive drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carrier can transmit a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease?

Incubatory carrier (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a zoonotic disease acquired by?

Contact with a non-human animal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are non-living reservoirs of infection that include?

Air, soil, dust, food, milk, water (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carrier harbors and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease?

Convalescent carrier (D) Signup and view all the answers

What types of arthropods can serve as reservoirs of infection?

Insects such as mosquitoes, biting flies, lice, and fleas (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important reservoir of human infectious diseases?

Other humans with infectious diseases and carriers (C) Signup and view all the answers