29 Questions
What is the primary effect of tetanospasmin on the nervous system?
Blockage of the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
Which type of bacteria is associated with the production of endotoxins?
Gram-negative bacteria
What is the result of endotoxin stimulation of macrophages?
Production of cytokines
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the pathogenicity of a virus?
Ability to produce permanent mutations
What is the result of the blockage of acetylcholine release by tetanospasmin?
Continuous muscle contraction
What is the term for the disruption of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an exotoxin?
Enterotoxin
What is a result of chronic infections caused by fungi?
Allergic response
How do proteases contribute to the pathogenic effect of fungi?
By modifying host cell membranes for attachment
What is the primary mechanism by which Streptococcus pneumoniae escapes host defenses?
Encapsulation
What is the number of new cases of a disease in a defined population over a specific period?
Incidence
What is the primary mechanism by which Giardia escapes host defenses?
Antigenic variation
What is the period prevalence of a disease?
The number of cases in a population during a specific period
Which animal is a known reservoir of rabies?
Bat
Which disease in humans may be acquired by ingestion of prion-infected beef?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJ) disease
What disease may be acquired from infected birds?
Psittacosis
Which bacterium may infect persons skinning rabbits?
Francisella tularensis
Which mode of transmission involves arthropods?
Vehicular vectors
What are the age groups that are most susceptible to infectious diseases?
The very young and the very old
How does stress affect host susceptibility to infection?
Stress decreases host resistance to pathogens
How does malnutrition affect host susceptibility to infection?
Malnutrition alters the composition of the normal flora and increases susceptibility of host to pathogens
Which of the following can reduce host resistance to infections?
Aggressive cancer therapies
What is the definition of a reservoir in relation to infectious diseases?
A reservoir is any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host
Which of the following can compromise an individual's immune system?
Organ transplant and immunosuppressive drugs
Which type of carrier can transmit a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease?
Incubatory carrier
What is a zoonotic disease acquired by?
Contact with a non-human animal
What are non-living reservoirs of infection that include?
Air, soil, dust, food, milk, water
Which type of carrier harbors and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease?
Convalescent carrier
What types of arthropods can serve as reservoirs of infection?
Insects such as mosquitoes, biting flies, lice, and fleas
What is the most important reservoir of human infectious diseases?
Other humans with infectious diseases and carriers
Test your knowledge on enterotoxins, exotoxins that disrupt the gastrointestinal tract lining, and tetanospasmin, a toxin that causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine in nerve terminals. Explore the mechanisms of these toxins and their effects.
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