Recent

  • Show all results for ""
Enteric Fever Overview
52 Questions
17 Views

Enteric Fever Overview

Created by
@ArdentHouston

Questions and Answers

What laboratory finding indicates intravascular hemolysis in leptospirosis?

  • Anemia (correct)
  • Elevated C-reactive protein level
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Prolonged prothrombin time

    • Which of the following abnormalities is NOT commonly seen in the electrocardiographic findings of leptospirosis?

  • High voltage (correct)
  • Nonspecific ST-T wave changes
  • Bradycardia
  • Low voltage

    • Which liver function test is typically abnormal in patients with leptospirosis?

  • Decreased AST
  • Raised alkaline phosphatase (correct)
  • Raised bilirubin levels (correct)
  • Normal ALT

    • What factor may cause an increased creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) level in leptospirosis?

    <p>Muscle injury during the first week of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical finding in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination during leptospirosis?

    <p>Increased cell counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these findings indicates severe infection in leptospirosis?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the fever seen in typhoid fever?

    <p>Step-ladder rising temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication of typhoid fever is most likely to occur by the third week of illness?

    <p>Perforation of typhoid ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of abdominal tenderness in the early stages of typhoid fever?

    <p>Generalized and mild</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of typhoid fever, what do 'rose spots' indicate?

    <p>Bacterial embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is commonly used for diagnosing typhoid fever?

    <p>Widal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intestinal manifestation may occur by the end of the first week in typhoid fever?

    <p>Constipation succeeded by diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom that presents with typhoid fever in adults?

    <p>Mild to moderate constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized complication of typhoid fever?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do typhoid ulcers typically result from the disease process?

    <p>Towards the end of the second week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general duration of continuous fever in untreated typhoid fever patients?

    <p>4-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary causative agent of typhoid fever?

    <p>Salmonella typhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common source of infection for enteric fever?

    <p>Infected food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the typical incubation period for typhoid fever?

    <p>10-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows Salmonella to survive in the stomach after ingestion?

    <p>Ability to survive gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a chronic carrier of typhoid fever?

    <p>A person who persists in shedding the bacteria without symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are Salmonella classified as?

    <p>Gram-negative, motile bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare mode of transmission for enteric fever?

    <p>Direct contact with infected feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about paratyphoid fever is true?

    <p>It is caused by <em>Salmonella paratyphi</em>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of severe leptospirosis in Weil's syndrome?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with the leptospiremic phase of leptospirosis?

    <p>High-grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is associated with acute renal failure in Weil's syndrome?

    <p>Presence of albumin and casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the immune phase of leptospirosis, which condition is most likely to occur?

    <p>Aseptic meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically observed during the early stage of leptospirosis?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hemorrhagic manifestations are common in Weil's syndrome?

    <p>Epistaxis and hemoptysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the first phase of leptospirosis?

    <p>Nonspecific illness with high-grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can result from impaired renal perfusion in Weil's syndrome?

    <p>Acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the immune phase of leptospirosis, what will the CSF usually show?

    <p>Normal number of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a common finding in the urine during the early part of leptospirosis?

    <p>Bacteriuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of infection for leptospirosis in humans?

    <p>Direct contact with infected animal urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the mode of transmission of leptospirosis is incorrect?

    <p>Transmission can happen through vigorous physical exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of illness seen in leptospirosis?

    <p>Leptospiremic and immune phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of leptospirosis are leptospirae present in the blood and CSF?

    <p>Leptospiremic phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a synonym for leptospirosis?

    <p>Summer flu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reservoir of Leptospira organisms?

    <p>Rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is most commonly present during the initial phase of leptospirosis?

    <p>Myalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for leptospirosis?

    <p>7-14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic should be used to treat multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhi?

    <p>Ciprofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment duration for chronic carriers of typhoid using ciprofloxacin?

    <p>4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may indicate the use of corticosteroids in typhoid treatment?

    <p>Toxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication of typhoid fever usually occurs in the third or fourth week of illness?

    <p>Intestinal perforation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is considered the most important for preventing typhoid fever?

    <p>Improved sanitation and living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines for typhoid fever involves taking three doses orally?

    <p>Ty21a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is usually prescribed for patients who have NARST strains of Salmonella typhi?

    <p>Ceftriaxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct dosage of ciprofloxacin for treating typhoid fever?

    <p>500-750 mg twice daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic carriers of typhoid are often older females with which condition?

    <p>Gallstones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is NOT effective against resistant strains of S. typhi?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Enteric Fever Overview

    • Acute systemic illness including typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
    • Characterized by fever, headache, and abdominal discomfort.

    Causative Agents

    • Caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi.
    • Both are gram-negative, flagellate, motile bacilli, and nonsporulating.
    • Vulnerable to boiling or chlorination of water, and pasteurization of milk.

    Source of Infection

    • Only humans are natural reservoirs.
    • Infection can arise from infected individuals' urine, feces, or secretions.
    • Chronic carriers often harbor the bacteria in the gallbladder, urinary bladder, or biliary tree.

    Mode of Transmission

    • Person-to-person contact and ingestion of contaminated food or water.
    • Rare direct spread through the fecal-oral route.

    Incubation Period

    • Typically 10-14 days for typhoid; shorter for paratyphoid.

    Pathogenesis

    • Salmonella survives gastric acid, penetrates small intestine mucosa, and reaches submucosa.
    • Phagocytosed by macrophages in Peyer's patches, leading to systemic infection and bacteremia.

    Clinical Features

    • Gradual onset of nonspecific symptoms including fever, anorexia, headache, and abdominal pain.
    • Characteristic step-ladder fever with temperatures rising to 40-41°C.
    • Early intestinal symptoms may include constipation or mild diarrhea.

    Physical Findings

    • Abdominal tenderness, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy can occur.
    • "Rose spots" (2-4 mm pale-red maculopapular lesions) appear on the chest and abdomen.
    • Relative bradycardia: pulse rate slower than expected with high fever.
    • By the second week, symptoms can become severe with potential for complications.

    Complications

    • General: toxemia, dehydration, peripheral circulatory failure, DIC.
    • Intestinal: ileus, perforation of ulcers, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
    • Extraintestinal: neurological (delirium, seizures), cardiac (myocarditis), respiratory complications, etc.

    Diagnosis

    • Laboratory diagnosis includes blood cultures and serological tests.
    • Widal test can help in identifying antibodies against S.typhi.

    Treatment

    • General management: bed rest, nutrition, fluid maintenance.
    • Antibiotics: several effective options; should follow culture and sensitivity results.
      • Resistance in strains requires alternative drugs like ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone.
    • Corticosteroids in severe cases (toxemia, CNS involvement).
    • Handle complications as they arise.

    Carrier State

    • 3-5% of individuals become long-term carriers, often without prior infection history.
    • Chronic carriers require antibiotic treatment and may need cholecystectomy.
    • Vi antigen tests positive in carriers for monitoring.

    Prevention

    • Improved sanitation, hygiene, clean water supply, and proper sewage disposal are essential.
    • Vaccination: inactivated injectable and live attenuated vaccines available, with different methods of administration.

    Drugs and Dosages

    • Various antibiotics are administered according to resistance profiles and clinical severity, with specific dosage outlined.
    • Key drugs include ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin.

    Summary

    • Enteric fever poses significant health concerns, necessitating awareness of its etiology, clinical features, and effective management strategies. Prevention through sanitation and vaccination plays a crucial role in reducing incidence.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of enteric fever, including typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Participants will explore the etiology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, complications, and treatment methods associated with these conditions. Test your knowledge on the causative agents, symptomatology, and management of enteric fever.

    More Quizzes Like This

    Enteric Nervous System Quiz
    20 questions

    Enteric Nervous System Quiz

    EducatedGlacier avatar
    EducatedGlacier
    Enteric Fever Quiz
    3 questions

    Enteric Fever Quiz

    EffusiveAwe avatar
    EffusiveAwe
    Salmonella Typhi: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    6 questions

    Salmonella Typhi: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

    SimplifiedTurtle avatar
    SimplifiedTurtle
    Clinical Syndromes of Enteric Fever
    14 questions

    Clinical Syndromes of Enteric Fever

    RetractableWendigo avatar
    RetractableWendigo
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser