Entamoeba and Endolimax Species Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Match the following parasites with their characteristics:

Giardia lamblia = Has both trophozoite and cyst forms Trichomonas vaginalis = Only exists as a trophozoite Entamoeba histolytica = Causes amoebic dysentery Ascaris lumbricoides = Common intestinal roundworm

Match the following treatment options with the respective conditions:

Quinacrine hydrochloride = Giardiasis Metronidazole = Trichomoniasis Nitazoxanide = Cryptosporidiosis Albendazole = Ascariasis

Match the following preventive measures with their respective infections:

Avoiding contaminated food and water = Giardiasis Proper waste disposal = Trichomoniasis Boiling water from lakes = Giardiasis Use of condoms = Trichomoniasis

Match the following clinical features with the associated parasite:

Greenish or yellowish discharge = Trichomonas vaginalis Watery diarrhea = Giardia lamblia Abdominal pain and dysentery = Entamoeba histolytica Nausea and vomiting = Ascaris lumbricoides Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diagnostic methods with the associated condition:

Microscopic stool examination = Giardiasis Duodenal aspiration = Giardiasis Urethral swab = Trichomoniasis Blood test = Ascaris lumbricoides Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lifecycle aspects with the parasites:

Transmission via sexual intercourse = Trichomonas vaginalis Transmission via fecal-oral route = Giardia lamblia Eggs are passed in feces = Ascaris lumbricoides Transmitted by contaminated water = Giardia lamblia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their corresponding infections:

Vaginal pruritus = Trichomoniasis Malabsorption = Giardiasis Abdominal cramping = Amoebic dysentery Asymptomatic carrier = Trichomoniasis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Trophyzoite = Motile stage of a parasite Cyst = Dormant stage of a parasite Prevalence = Proportion of a population affected Transmission = Process of spreading an infection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with the type of Giardia lamblia structure:

Trophozoite = 9-12 μm long, pear-shaped, two nuclei Cyst = 8-12 μm long, thick-walled, four nuclei Ventral sucking disc = Attachment to intestinal villi Excystation = Release of trophozoites in the duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical features with their descriptions in giardiasis:

Foul smelling diarrhea = Characteristic symptom of giardiasis Abdominal cramps = Common accompanying symptom Streatorrhoea = Presence of excess fat in stool Lack of blood in stool = Absence of tissue destruction Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:

Contaminated water = Inadequately treated water consumption Uncooked vegetables = Ingestion of contaminated produce Faecal-oral route = Person-to-person spread Chlorine resistance = Cysts resistant to typical treatment concentrations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immune responses with their roles in giardiasis:

Humoral immune response = Involves antibodies in defense Cellular immune mechanism = Cells target the infection Giardia-specific IgA = Important for parasite clearance Increased mucous secretion = Result of mucosal irritation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of Giardia lamblia with their effects:

Trophozoites = Feed on mucous secretions Cysts = Resistant form excreted in stool Excystation = Initiation of infection in the intestinal tract Ingestion of cysts = Primary mode of transmission Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with their relevance to Giardia lamblia infection:

Duodenum = Site of trophozoite release Jejunum = Location where trophozoites reside Intestinal villi = Area where attachment occurs GIT = Rare site for metastatic spread Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of giardiasis with their implications:

Mild diarrhea = Non-severe clinical manifestation Severe malabsorption syndrome = Extensive nutrient absorption issues Rapid onset = Sudden occurrence of symptoms Symptomatic carriage = 50% of infected individuals exhibit symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following laboratory diagnosis methods with their outcomes:

Examination of diarrheal stool = Recovery of trophozoites or cysts Examination of formed stool = Only cysts are observed Presence of organisms in showers = Variation in stool detection Wet preparation = Method used for identifying structures Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of leishmaniasis with its primary affected tissues:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis = Skin Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis = Mucous membranes and cartilage Chiclero ulcer = Ear cartilage Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis = Multiple skin lesions Signup and view all the answers

Match the leishmaniasis species with their geographical distribution:

Leishmania mexicana = South & Central America, Amazon basin Leishmania braziliensis = Yucatan peninsula to Central & South America Leishmania donovani = Indian subcontinent Leishmania infantum = Mediterranean region Signup and view all the answers

Match the vector of leishmaniasis with its name:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis = Lutzomyia sand fly Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis = Phlebotomus sand fly Visceral leishmaniasis = Sand fly Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis = Lutzomyia longipalpis Signup and view all the answers

Match the trypanosomiasis type with its causative agent:

African trypanosomiasis = Trypanosoma brucei American trypanosomiasis = Trypanosoma cruzi Sleeping sickness = Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Chagas' disease = Trypanosoma cruzi Signup and view all the answers

Match the stage of Trypanosomiasis with its characteristic:

Amastigote = Intracellular form Promastigote = Flagellated form in vectors Epimastigote = Form found in intermediate hosts Trypomastigote = Form found in blood Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment recommendation with its corresponding disease:

Sodium stibogluconate = Leishmaniasis Nifurtimox = Chagas' disease Suramin = African trypanosomiasis Pentamidine = African sleeping sickness Signup and view all the answers

Match the diagnostic method with the disease it is used for:

Fluorescent antibody tests = Leishmaniasis Blood smear microscopy = Trypanosomiasis Leishman skin test = Leishmaniasis Xenodiagnosis = Chagas' disease Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune response type with its description in leishmaniasis:

Humoral immunity = Antibody production Cellular immunity = T-cell mediated response Passive immunity = Transfer of antibodies Active immunity = Natural exposure or vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with the respective sleeping sickness type:

Lethargy, tremors, and mental retardation = T.gambiense Convulsions and hemiplegia = T.gambiense Acute disease leading to rapid CNS involvement = T.rhodesiense Kidney damage and myocarditis = T.rhodesiense Signup and view all the answers

Match the treatment to the stage of sleeping sickness:

Suramin = Acute stages of T.gambiense Melarsoprol = Chronic disease with CNS involvement Pentamidine = Alternative for acute stages Trypars amide = Combined treatment for CNS diseases Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune response type with its description:

Humoral immunity = Involvement of antibodies against antigens Cellular immunity = Involvement of T-cells and other immune cells Antigenic variation = Organisms changing their antigenic identity Parasitemia = Level of parasites in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Match the method of examination with its description:

Thin and thick films = Visualize parasites in blood preparations Centrifugation = Concentrate parasites in heparinized samples Ion-exchange chromatography = Another method to concentrate blood parasites Lymph node aspiration = Obtaining samples for parasite examination Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptom with its specific detail:

Winterbottom's sign = Swelling of the posterior cervical lymph nodes Meningoencephalitis = CNS involvement leading to severe symptoms Anorexia = Early symptom in acute T.rhodesiense infection Comatose state = Final stage due to CNS damage Signup and view all the answers

Match the prevention method to its description:

Control of tsetse flies = Reduces breeding sites Use of insecticides = Chemical control of flies Protective clothing = Prevents insect bites Bed netting = Provides physical barrier against flies Signup and view all the answers

Match the parasite stage with its associated characteristic:

Trypomastigote = Stage of Trypanosoma bucei complex Antigenic variation = Mechanism to evade immunity Lethargy = Symptom indicating CNS involvement Parasitosis levels = Variation in the number of parasites Signup and view all the answers

Match the group of symptoms with the disease stage:

Chronic disease = Progression to lethargy and mental retardation Acute disease = Rapid progression to CNS invasion Final stages = Convulsions, hemiplegia, incontinence CNS damage = Resulting symptomatology leading to comatose state Signup and view all the answers

Match the species of amoebae with their respective size:

Entamoeba histolytica = 10-20μm Entamoeba coli = 15-50μm Endolimax nana = 6-12μm Iodamoeba buetschlii = 8-20μm Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoeba species with their characteristics:

Entamoeba histolytica = Visible in unstained preparations Entamoeba coli = Sluggish with blunt pseudopods Entamoeba ploecki = May be present in diarrheic specimens Endolimax nana = Granular and vacuolated Signup and view all the answers

Match the species with their nucleus description:

Entamoeba histolytica = Four in mature cyst Entamoeba coli = Four in mature cysts Entamoeba ploecki = Two in mature cys Iodamoeba buetschlii = Not distinct even in stained slides Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their cytoplasmic features:

Entamoeba histolytica = Concentrated mass often in young cysts Entamoeba coli = Coarse granules, often vacuolated Endolimax nana = Blotlike and irregularly shaped Iodamoeba buetschlii = Surrounded by refractile granules Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their chromatin characteristics:

Entamoeba histolytica = Fine, uniform granules Entamoeba coli = Small, discrete granules Entamoeba ploecki = Occasionally distorted by pressure from vacuoles Iodamoeba buetschlii = Chromatin often not distinct Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their movement types:

Entamoeba histolytica = Non-progressive Entamoeba coli = Progressive with blunt pseudopods Endolimax nana = Sluggish and non-progressive Iodamoeba buetschlii = Sluggish and usually non-progressive Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their habitat observations:

Entamoeba histolytica = Visible in unstained preparations Entamoeba coli = Often visible in various specimens Endolimax nana = Occasionally visible in unstained preparations Iodamoeba buetschlii = Rarely distinct even in stained slides Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their identified granules:

Entamoeba histolytica = Elongated bars with bluntly rounded ends Entamoeba coli = Irregular in size and distribution Entamoeba ploecki = Evenly distributed granules Endolimax nana = Coarse and blotlike shaped Signup and view all the answers

Match the species with their features related to staining:

Entamoeba histolytica = Stains reddish brown with iodine Entamoeba coli = Occasionally visible in stained slides Endolimax nana = Visible but granular structure Iodamoeba buetschlii = Upper sizes not distinct even stained Signup and view all the answers

Match the amoebae with their progression types:

Entamoeba histolytica = Non-progressive Entamoeba coli = Progressive at times Entamoeba ploecki = Usually sluggish Iodamoeba buetschlii = Sluggish and non-progressive Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Entamoeba hartmanni

Size range of 8-10μm
Non-progressive movement
May be visible in unstained preparations
Granular cytoplasm

Entamoeba coli

Size range of 15-50μm, usually 20-25μm
Sluggish movement, non-progressive, with blunt pseudopods
One nuclei, often visible in unstained preparations
Coarse granules and irregular in size and distribution
Large, discrete, usually eccentrically located
Often vacuolated
Contains bacteria, yeasts, and other materials

Entamoeba ploecki

Size range of 10-25μm, usually 15-20μm
Movement is sluggish, similar to E.coli; occasionally progressive in diarrheic specimens;
One nuclei, may be slightly visible in unstained preparations
Usually fine granules, evenly distributed, occasionally irregularly arranged
Small, discrete, eccentrically located, occasionally large, diffuse, or irregular
Coarsely granular, may resemble E.coli; vacuolated
Contains bacteria, yeasts

Endolimax nana

Size range of 6-12μm, usually 8-10μm
Sluggish movement, usually non-progressive, with blunt pseudopods
One nuclei, visible occasionally in unstained preparations
No chromatoid bodies
Large, irregularly shaped, blotlike nuclei
Granular, vacuolated
Contains bacteria

Iodamoeba buetschlii

Size range of 8-20μm, usually 12-15μm
Sluggish movement, usually non-progressive
One nuclei, not usually visible in unstained preparations
No chromatoid bodies
Large, usually centrally located, surrounded by refractile, achromatic granules
Coarse granular, vacuolated
Contains bacteria, yeasts, or other materials

Entamoeba histolytica cysts

Size range of 10-20μm, usually 12-15μm
Usually spherical
Four in mature cyst, immature cysts with 1 or 2 nuclei
Peripheral chromatin, small, discrete, usually centrally located
Granules, evenly distributed
Karyosomal chromatin, present, fine, uniform
Present, elongated bars with bluntly rounded ends
Usually diffuse, concentrated mass often in young cysts
Stains reddish brown with iodine

Entamoeba dispar cysts

Size range of 5-10μm and 5-15μm
Usually spherical
Four in mature cyst
Similar to E. histolytica

Giardia lamblia

Infection begins with ingestion of cysts
Gastric acid stimulates excystation releasing trophozoites in duodenum and jejunum
Trophozoites attach to intestinal villi using ventral sucking discs
Feed on mucous secretions
Causes inflammation and increased mucous secretion.

Giardia lamblia Clinical Features

Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe malabsorption syndrome
Diarrhea is foul smelling, watery, accompanied by abdominal cramps, flatulence, and steatorrhoea
Blood and pus are rarely present in stool specimens

Giardia lamblia Transmission

Worldwide distribution, particularly common in tropics and subtropics
Inadequately treated contaminated water, contaminated uncooked vegetables or fruits
Faecal-oral route
Cysts are resistant to chlorine in concentrations used in most water treatment facilities
Infectious carriage in 50% of population

T. vaginalis

Pear-shaped organism with a central nucleus and four anterior flagella
Undulating membrane extends two-thirds of its length
Only a trophozoite form
Size range of 7-23μm long and 5-15μm wide
Transmission via sexual intercourse

T. vaginalis Pathogenesis

Trophozoites are found in urethra and vagina of women and urethra and prostate gland of men
Proliferation leads to inflammation and large numbers of trophozoites in tissues and secretions
Symptoms include vaginal or vulval pruritus and discharge
Symptoms often appear suddenly after menstruation
Vaginal discharge is liquorous, greenish or yellowish, sometimes frothy, and foul smelling
Male infection may be latent, asymptomatic or may be present as self-limited, persistent, or recurring urethritis

T. vaginalis Epidemiology

Worldwide distribution
Primary mode of transmission via sexual intercourse
Fomites (toilet articles, clothing) are a secondary mode with limited transmission
Infants can be infected while passing through the mother’s infected birth canal
Prevalence of 5% –20% in women and 2% –10% in men

Leishmania

Granulomatous response, forms ulcers
Lesions become superinfected with bacteria
Secondary lesions on the skin and mucous membranes
Nasal, oral, and pharyngeal lesions may be polypoid initially, then erode to form ulcers which destroy soft tissue and cartilage
The lesions are more varied than those of oriental sore and include Chiclero ulcer, Uta, Espundia, and Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Regional lymphadenopathy is common

Leishmania Epidemiology

Most of the cutaneous & mucocutaneous leishmaniasis of the new world exist in enzootic cycles of infection involving wild animals, especially forest rodents.
Leishmania mexicana occurs in south & Central America, especially in the Amazon basin, with sloths, rodents, monkeys, and raccoons as reservoir hosts.
The mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is seen from the Yucatan peninsula into Central & South America, especially in rain forests where workers are exposed to sand fly bites while invading the habitat of the forest rodents.
Domesticated dogs are reservoirs of infection.
Vector is Lutzomyia sand fly.

Leishmania Treatment

Sodium stibogluconate
Local insecticide application

Leishmania Prevention

Avoiding endemic areas, especially during times when local vectors are most active.
Prompt treatment of infected individuals.

Trypanosomiasis

Etiologic agents
- Trypanosoma brucei complex – African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
- Trypanosoma cruzi – American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease)
Trypanosomes may have amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote stages in their life cycle.
Amastigote and promastigote stages are absent in human trypanosomes of the African form

Trypanosomiasis Clinical Features

Swelling of the posterior cervical lymph nodes is characteristic of Gambian sleeping sickness and is called Winterbottom’s sign.
Chronic disease progresses to CNS involvement with lethargy, tremors, meningoencephalitis, mental retardation, and general deterioration.
In the final stages, convulsions, hemiplegia, and incontinence occur.
Patient becomes difficult to arouse or obtain a response from, eventually progressing to a comatose state.
Death is the result of CNS damage and other infections, such as pneumonia.
In T.rhodesiense, the disease caused is a more acute, rapidly progressive disease that is usually fatal.
This more virulent organism also develops in greater numbers in the blood.
Lymphadenopathy is uncommon, and early in the infection, CNS invasion occurs, resulting in lethargy, anorexia, and mental disturbance.
The chronic stages described for T.gambiense are not often seen, because in addition to rapid CNS disease, the organism produces kidney damage & myocarditis, leading to death.

Trypanosomiasis Treatment

Suramin, pentamidine, or melarsoprol.

Trypanosomiasis Prevention

Control of breeding sites of tsetse flies and use of insecticides.
Treatment of human cases to reduce transmission to flies.
Avoiding insect bite by wearing protective clothing & use of screen, bed netting and insect repellants.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics of various Entamoeba species, including Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba coli, and the lesser-known Entamoeba ploecki and Endolimax nana. This quiz covers key features such as size, movement, and cytoplasm characteristics of these protozoa.