ENT Disorders Overview and Common Topics
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following areas is NOT classified under ENT disorders?

  • Lungs (correct)
  • Nose, nasal sinuses and face
  • Throat
  • Ear

    • Acute suppurative otitis media is a type of chronic ear disease.

    False

    Name one emergency condition related to ENT disorders.

    Airway obstruction

    The term used for the inflammation of the ear is called __________.

    <p>otitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is associated with hearing loss?

    <p>Otitis externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ENT conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Dysphagia = Difficulty in swallowing Rhinitis = Inflammation of nasal passages Stridor = Abnormal high-pitched breathing sound Hoarseness = Alteration in voice quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neck infections are included in the classification of ENT disorders.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Regulation of metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many questions are included in the end of clerkship exam?

    <p>30 questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hearing is essential for speech but not for language development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pinna play in hearing?

    <p>The pinna functions as a funnel that collects sound and transmits it to the external auditory canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external auditory canal amplifies sound in the frequency range of ______ kHz.

    <p>3-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sections of the end of clerkship exam to their description:

    <p>SECTION A = Problem solving sets SECTION B = Simple and case clustered MCQs SECTION C = Extended matching items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sound energy would be reflected if sound passed directly into the cochlea?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sound is transmitted as a waveform of electrical energy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pressure sensors located in the cochlea called?

    <p>Hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The direction of sound is determined by its loudness in the ______ ear.

    <p>ipsilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the clerkship exam consists of 15 simple and case clustered MCQs?

    <p>SECTION B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indicator of chronic sinusitis development?

    <p>Obstruction of the ostia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nasal endoscopy is often not necessary to examine the middle meatus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is now preferred over plain X-rays for assessing the sinuses?

    <p>High resolution computerized tomography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Persistent symptoms and signs of purulent rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, and nasal obstruction lasting more than _____ days leads to a presumptive diagnosis of rhinosinusitis.

    <p>ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications of sinusitis with their descriptions:

    <p>Chronicity and irreversible mucosal change = Long-term inflammation leading to permanent changes in the sinus lining Dacrocystitis = Infection caused by obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct Epidural Abscess = A collection of pus between the outer covering of the brain and skull Meningitis = Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest site for epistaxis?

    <p>Kiesselbach's plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Little's area is located on the posterior aspect of the nasal septum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one local cause of epistaxis.

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The retrocumellar vein is an important source of venous bleeding in ______.

    <p>children and young adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their categories:

    <p>Haemophilia = Congenital coagulopathy Cocaine abuse = Drug-related cause Squamous cell carcinoma = Malignant neoplasm Angiofibroma = Benign neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of artery contributes to Kiesselbach's plexus?

    <p>Anterior ethmoidal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vascular abnormalities can be considered a general cause of abnormal bleeding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of having a congenital coagulopathy?

    <p>Defective coagulation pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The septum drains posteriorly to the ______ vein.

    <p>pterygoid venous plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a local cause of epistaxis?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes a peripheral vestibular disorder?

    <p>Nystagmus worsened by the loss of visual fixation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nystagmus in central vestibular disorders is influenced by visual fixation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of vertigo in elderly patients?

    <p>vertebrobasilar ischaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infusion of cold water causes nystagmus to the ______ side.

    <p>opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vestibular disorders with their characteristics:

    <p>Menière's Disease = Recurrent episodes of vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo = Common in all age groups Labyrinthitis = Inflammation of the inner ear leading to vertigo Vestibular neuronitis = Inflammation affecting the vestibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of nystagmus in peripheral vestibular disorder?

    <p>It is typically horizontal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In central vestibular disorders, compensation for the disorder typically occurs within two to three weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hearing loss and vestibular problems?

    <p>Unilateral hearing loss often indicates a vestibular problem on the same side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The attacks of Menière's Disease can last from ______ to ______ hours.

    <p>1/2, 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a common cause of vertigo?

    <p>Heart valve disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ENT Disorders Overview

    • Four key areas of ENT disorders: Ear, Nose & nasal sinuses & face, Throat (oral cavity, pharynx, upper airway, esophagus), and Neck (thyroid gland, salivary glands, lymph nodes).

    Common ENT Topics

    • Emergencies: Airway issues, foreign bodies, epistaxis, trauma, hearing loss, infections.
    • Hearing Loss: Includes various types and impacts on communication.
    • Otitis Media: Acute and chronic forms with potential complications.
    • Otitis Externa: Inflammation of the external ear canal; malignant cases are severe.
    • Dizziness: Can stem from vestibular disorders.
    • Rhinitis and Sinusitis: Common inflammatory conditions affecting nasal passages.
    • Tonsil and Adenoid Issues: Relates to infections and obstructive sleep apnea.
    • Hoarseness and Dysphagia: Common symptoms with various underlying causes.
    • Salivary Gland Disorders: Conditions affecting salivation and gland function.
    • Thyroid Nodules: Requires management to ascertain malignancy risk.
    • Stridor in Children: Indicates airway obstruction, requiring immediate attention.
    • Neck Masses and Infections: Assess for congenital or acquired causes.
    • Hyperparathyroidism: Affects calcium regulation in the body.
    • Head and Neck Cancer: Includes prevention and early detection strategies.

    Assessment Methodology

    • End-of-rotation assessment with a 30-minute exam comprising 30 questions.
    • Structured as:
      • Problem Solving (2 sets): 10 marks based on clinical scenarios.
      • MCQs: 15 question session best out of 5 answering 15 marks.
      • Extended Matching Items (EMQ): 5 marks focusing on selecting appropriate items from a longer list.

    OTOLOGY: Physiology of Hearing

    • Sound travels as a mechanical waveform, essential for communication.
    • The pinna collects sound and directs it towards the ear canal, amplifying it at 3-4 kHz.
    • Sound energy transmission requires movement from air in the ear canal to fluid in the cochlea.

    Vestibular Disorders

    • Peripheral vs Central: Differences in onset symptoms and nystagmus patterns.
    • Caloric Testing: Uses cold (COWS) and warm water to test vestibular function.
    • Common causes of vertigo in elderly: Vertebrobasilar ischaemia, atherosclerosis, cervical spondylosis.

    Menière's Disease

    • Uncommon severe vertigo characterized by episodes lasting 30 minutes to 12 hours, often accompanied by hearing loss and tinnitus.

    Epistaxis (Nosebleed)

    • Common Site: Kiesselbach's plexus, where arteries anastomose.
    • Local Causes: Trauma, infections, tumors, drugs (e.g., cocaine), congenital malformation.
    • General Causes: Coagulation defects (haemophilia, anticoagulant therapy).

    Chronic Sinusitis

    • Results from obstructed sinus openings leading to persistent inflammation.
    • Diagnosed based on symptoms lasting more than 10 days, often requires nasal endoscopy for accurate evaluation.

    Sinusitis Complications

    • Local Complications: Chronicity, mucoceles, and infections such as dacrocystitis.
    • Orbital Complications: May lead to loss of vision or orbital cellulitis.
    • Intracranial Spread: Risks include meningitis and abscess formation.

    Diagnostic Techniques

    • Nasal Endoscopy: Allows for examination of inaccessible areas.
    • CT Scans: Offers detailed assessment for complications or surgical planning.

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    Description

    Explore the key areas of ENT disorders including ear, nose, throat, and neck conditions. This quiz covers critical topics such as hearing loss, infections, and common emergencies, providing a comprehensive understanding of ENT health. Test your knowledge on prevalent issues and their management in the field of otolaryngology.

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