Enlightenment Thinkers and Scientific Revolution
66 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws and supported the idea of separation of powers?

Montesquieu

Who argued that people were generally good and could be molded by modifying the environment around them?

J Locke

Who wrote Pensees to provide comfort and consolation during times of doubt?

Blaise Pascal

What major work on government argues for an absolute and all-powerful government?

<p>Leviathan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres and challenged the Ptolemaic Universe, proposing a heliocentric model?

<p>Nicolaus Copernicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was known for his use of the telescope to observe the heavens, discovering mountains on the Moon?

<p>Galileo Galilei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who believed that all people were inherently selfish and cruel, advocating for an absolute monarchy to maintain order?

<p>Thomas Hobbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman and is considered the founder of modern feminism?

<p>Mary Wollstonecraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voltaire championed religious toleration and what belief, which describes God as a creator who set the universe in motion like a clock?

<p>Deism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning involves applying a general law or proposition to a specific case?

<p>Deductive Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the Father of Reason, a French philosopher and mathematician?

<p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the satire written by Voltaire that uses humor to criticize governments and their lack of religious toleration?

<p>Candide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was a German astronomer and mathematician who used data to confirm the heliocentric theory and argue that the planets' orbits were elliptical?

<p>Johannes Kepler</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who described the effect of gravity mathematically and established a theoretical basis for physics?

<p>Isaac Newton</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea that the Earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other celestial objects revolve around it?

<p>Geocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

The political thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment provided philosophical support for all of the following forms of government except:

<p>Radical Islamist</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the passage, who does Galileo refer to as the "Leaders of the Catholic Church?"

<p>Leaders of the Catholic Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the inductive reasoning process?

<p>Observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to advance the concept of heliocentrism during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Nicholas Copernicus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way was the Scientific Revolution revolutionary?

<p>It set the standard for evaluating knowledge in the Western world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses the practice of interpreting the results of experiments based on observation through the five senses?

<p>empirical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Copernicus's main contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

<p>The suggestion that the earth moved around the sun in a circle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the writers and critics who fostered the attitude of change and reform during the Enlightenment called?

<p>Philosophes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke believe about human beings?

<p>blank slates, i.e. having no inborn ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Deists regard God?

<p>Like a divine watchmaker, who had set nature to work</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe was the key to making the world a more perfect place?

<p>The progressive increase of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Voltaire, how would religious toleration help end conflicts within Christianity?

<p>Religious toleration would theoretically help to end the conflicts within Christianity, according to Voltaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to laissez-faire economic thought, how should wealth be distributed?

<p>Individuals pursuing their own economic self-interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's concept of a social contract, what does the entire society agree to?

<p>An entire society agrees to be governed by its general will</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mary Wollstonecraft, what is the primary reason for women's perceived inferiority?

<p>Their reputation for a lack of virtue, their inability to obtain a proper education, and the threat they posed to male domination in politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Enlightenment thinkers believe about the pursuit of progress?

<p>The progressive increase of knowledge was the key towards making the world a more perfect place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of government did most Enlightenment philosophes believe would be best for the majority of the people?

<p>A constitutional monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an effort to make science comprehensible and accessible to the masses, the French produced the most comprehensive literary work of the Enlightenment period. What was that immensely successful literary work called?

<p>The Encyclopedie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the Old Regime in France?

<p>The burden of taxation fell almost entirely on the Third Estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the fundamental cause of the French Revolution?

<p>Abuses of the Old Regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the seizure of the Bastille important?

<p>Represented a successful attack on a symbol of the tyranny of the Old Regime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Louis XVI's purpose in summoning the Estates-General in 1789?

<p>Consider the question of government debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man, adopted by the National Assembly, represent?

<p>document stating the principles of the French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

<p>Placed the Church in France under government control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Reign of Terror is an opinion rather than a fact?

<p>It preserved the gain of the French Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the French Revolution on the Catholic Church in France?

<p>Had its power limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following were policies enacted by the radical phase of the French Revolution except:

<p>Enactment of the Napoleonic Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

Those who swore the famous "Tennis Court Oath" promised to do what?

<p>Create a new constitution for France that better reflected its social composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the assignats of the French Revolutionary Era?

<p>paper currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the height of the Reign of Terror, what three notable concepts developed?

<p>Egalité Liberté, Fraternité</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Queen of France with Louis XVI?

<p>Marie Antionette</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Girondists?

<p>Were the moderate political party representing some of the bourgeoisie, wanted a middle-class republic. They also did not support the execution of the King</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Cahiers?

<p>Were the list of grievances received by the Third Estate from many people listed in loose-leaf notebooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was in charge of the Committee of Public Safety and was responsible for the Reign of Terror?

<p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Thermidorian Reaction?

<p>Was the name of the reaction against radicalism of the French Revolution that began in July 1794. Associated with the end of Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Directory?

<p>Was the five-member group who were in charge of France after the Reign of Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the group at the top of the Third Estate who felt they were above everyone else?

<p>Bourgeoisie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was not satisfied with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen because it left out women, so she wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen?

<p>Olympe de Gouges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which was NOT a belief of an 18th-century liberal?

<p>Freedom of Self-Determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did 19th-century liberals believe was the cure for many of society's problems?

<p>Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states was NOT part of the Quadruple Alliance?

<p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of France's estates paid the taille?

<p>The Third Estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fall of the Bastille in 1789 incorporated what segment of French society into the Revolution?

<p>The working people of Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the French Revolution the Jacobins favored the establishment of what?

<p>A republic</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Equality" in the slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity" meant equality in what way?

<p>Before the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Thermidorian Reaction against?

<p>The extreme measures taken during the Reign of Terror</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first location that Napoleon was exiled to?

<p>Elba</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the document created by Napoleon to repair relations with the Catholic Church?

<p>Concordat of 1801</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety and was responsible for putting 40,000 people to death during the Reign of Terror?

<p>Robespierre</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

<p>Was the pledge taken by the Third Estate to not disband until they had a constitution in place for France</p> Signup and view all the answers

On ______________________ Paris mobs stormed and destroyed one of the symbols of the Old Regime, the Bastille, and is still considered a national holiday today in France.

<p>July 14, 1789</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enlightenment Thinkers and Philosophers

  • Montesquieu: French nobleman, author of The Spirit of the Laws, advocated separation of powers.
  • John Locke: Believed humans are inherently good and can shape their destiny through environmental modification.
  • Blaise Pascal: French Catholic, wrote Pensees (Thoughts), a highly regarded Christian work.
  • Thomas Hobbes: Believed humans are inherently cruel and advocated for absolute monarchy.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Advocated for women's rights, considered a founder of modern feminism, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
  • Voltaire: Championed religious toleration and Deism (belief God created the universe but doesn't intervene). Wrote satire Candide.
  • René Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician, known as the Father of Reason.
  • Adam Smith: Economist who advocated for minimal government intervention in business.

Scientific Revolution Figures

  • Nicholas Copernicus: Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the geocentric model with heliocentrism (sun-centered universe), author of On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres.
  • Galileo Galilei: Improved the telescope, observed celestial bodies, and supported the heliocentric model.
  • Johannes Kepler: Astronomer and mathematician who confirmed heliocentrism and described elliptical planetary orbits.
  • Isaac Newton: Described gravity mathematically, laid a theoretical Physics foundation.

Key Enlightenment Concepts

  • Geocentrism: The Earth is the center of the universe.
  • Heliocentrism: The Sun is the center of the universe.
  • Deductive Reasoning: Arriving at a truth by applying a general law to a specific case.
  • Inductive Reasoning: Observing phenomena to create generalizations.
  • Empirical Method: Interpreting experimental results based on observation.
  • Social Contract: Entire society agrees to be governed by a general will.
  • Deism: Belief that God created the universe but doesn't intervene.
  • Separation of Powers: Dividing governmental power among different branches.

French Revolution

  • Old Regime: The French social and political system prior to the revolution, burdened the Third Estate with taxation.
  • Estates-General: Meeting of French representatives, called by King Louis XVI to address debt problems.
  • Bastille: Royal prison stormed by Parisian mobs, marking the start of the revolution and challenging the Old Regime.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: Document declaring men's rights during the French Revolution.
  • Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Placed the French Church under government control.
  • Reign of Terror: Period of extreme violence and executions led by the Jacobins.
  • Napoleon's Grand Empire: Napoleon's short-lived empire that fell due to British resistance and nationalism.
  • Napoleonic Code: A legal system based on equality, established by Napoleon.
  • Committee of Public Safety: Group led by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror.
  • Jacobins: Political party responsible for the execution of the French king.
  • Girondists: Moderate political party that opposed the execution of the king.
  • Thermidorian Reaction: Reaction toward the radicals of the French Revolution.
  • Directory: Five member group in charge of France after the Reign of Terror.

German Unification

  • Prussia: Largest German state that played a vital role in unification.
  • Otto von Bismarck: Prime Minister of Prussia crucial to German unification, known for his "blood and iron" policy.
  • William I: Prussian monarch who became the first German Emperor.
  • Danish War: War fought to gain control of Schleswig and Holstein.
  • Austro-Prussian War: War that dissolved the Austrian-dominated German Confederation.
  • Battle of Nations: Battle in Central Germany, resulted in Napoleon's defeat.
  • Militarism: Ideology associated with a strong army.
  • Carlsbad Decrees: Suppressed liberal and nationalist ideas, censored the press.
  • Moltke: General and Chief of Staff who helped Bismarck succeed.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the influential ideas of Enlightenment thinkers and key figures of the Scientific Revolution. This quiz covers pivotal contributions from philosophers like Montesquieu, Locke, and Wollstonecraft to revolutionaries such as Copernicus. Test your knowledge on their philosophies and impact on modern thought.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser