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Questions and Answers
Cesare Beccaria argued that the severity of punishment is more important than its certainty.
Cesare Beccaria argued that the severity of punishment is more important than its certainty.
False
Immanuel Kant's motto of the Enlightenment was 'Sapere aude!'.
Immanuel Kant's motto of the Enlightenment was 'Sapere aude!'.
True
The Enlightenment was entirely independent of the Scientific Revolution.
The Enlightenment was entirely independent of the Scientific Revolution.
False
Francis Bacon is associated with the development of the scientific method.
Francis Bacon is associated with the development of the scientific method.
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Isaac Newton's achievements did not influence Enlightenment thinkers.
Isaac Newton's achievements did not influence Enlightenment thinkers.
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The Enlightenment rejected knowledge based on observation and reason.
The Enlightenment rejected knowledge based on observation and reason.
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Cesare Beccaria was born in Milan in 1738.
Cesare Beccaria was born in Milan in 1738.
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The equatorial armillary was primarily used for agricultural purposes.
The equatorial armillary was primarily used for agricultural purposes.
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René Descartes is famous for the phrase 'Cogito ergo sum'.
René Descartes is famous for the phrase 'Cogito ergo sum'.
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Voltaire was known for his support of the medieval social order.
Voltaire was known for his support of the medieval social order.
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The Encyclopédie was completed in 1765 and consisted of 50,000 articles.
The Encyclopédie was completed in 1765 and consisted of 50,000 articles.
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Deists believe in God but reject organized religion.
Deists believe in God but reject organized religion.
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Thomas Hobbes supported a strong democracy over a monarchy.
Thomas Hobbes supported a strong democracy over a monarchy.
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John Locke proposed the concept of 'tabula rasa' regarding human nature.
John Locke proposed the concept of 'tabula rasa' regarding human nature.
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Jules Rousseau is credited with writing 'The Social Contract'.
Jules Rousseau is credited with writing 'The Social Contract'.
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The Catholic Church banned the Encyclopédie.
The Catholic Church banned the Encyclopédie.
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Study Notes
Cesare Beccaria
- Italian criminologist and economist
- Published Crime and Punishment (1764)
- Argued that punishment certainty was more important than severity
- Focused on principles governing criminal punishment
Immanuel Kant
- 18th-century philosopher
- Believed the Enlightenment’s motto was: "Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!"
Scientific Revolution
- Influenced the Enlightenment
- Emphasized new methods and scientific discoveries
- Advocated for observation and experimentation
Francis Bacon
- Prominent figure in the Scientific Revolution
- Emphasized the scientific method
- Advocated for observation, experimentation, and testable hypotheses
Isaac Newton
- Utilized the scientific method for a wide range of discoveries
- Inspired Enlightenment thinkers through his achievements
Enlightenment Principles
- Challenged traditional authority, religion, and superstition
- Emphasized individual thought and reason
- Promoted scientific and academic knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason
- Advocated for secular thought
René Descartes
- French philosopher and mathematician
- Examined the basis of knowledge by questioning his own existence
- Famous quote: "Cogito ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am)
French Salons and Philosophes
- Salons were gatherings for aristocrats to discuss ideas and theories
- Philosophes were French Enlightenment thinkers who attended these gatherings
- Madame de Pompadour was a prominent figure in French salons
Voltaire
- Famous philosophe
- Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books
- Criticized the medieval social order
- Argued for social, political, and religious tolerance
Encyclopédie
- Major project undertaken by the philosophes
- Published between 1745 and 1765
- Contained 72,000 articles
- Banned by the Catholic Church
- Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
Deism
- Believed in God, but rejected organized religion
- Argued morality could be achieved through reason, not church teachings
- Thomas Paine was a prominent deist
Thomas Hobbes
- Applied rational analysis to government
- Rejected the concept of divine right
- Argued for a strong monarchy
- Believed humans were driven by passions and required a powerful ruler for control
John Locke
- Focused on the natural state and government
- Argued for "tabula rasa" (blank slate) as the basis of human knowledge
- Believed in natural rights and authored the "Treatises of Government"
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Examined society and government
- Emphasized the concept of the "Social Contract"
Baron de Montesquieu
- French political philosopher
- Argued for the separation of powers in government
- Believed in checks and balances
- Focused on different types of governments
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Description
Explore the profound impact of Enlightenment thinkers such as Cesare Beccaria, Immanuel Kant, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton. This quiz covers principles of punishment, scientific methods, and the challenge to traditional authority during this pivotal era in history.
