Enlightenment and Revolution Overview
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Questions and Answers

What key belief did Thomas Hobbes hold regarding government?

  • He supported a monarch with absolute power. (correct)
  • He advocated for a democracy with elected officials.
  • He believed in a system of checks and balances.
  • He argued for the abolition of the monarchy.

Which philosopher argued that 'man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains'?

  • Rousseau (correct)
  • John Locke
  • Montesquieu
  • Voltaire

Which of the following was NOT a reform implemented by Frederick of Prussia?

  • Granting religious freedoms
  • Reducing censorship
  • Introducing a new legal system (correct)
  • Abolishing torture

What was a significant influence of Enlightenment thinking on the American Revolution?

<p>It justified independence through natural rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Voltaire's stance during the Enlightenment?

<p>He advocated for atheism and intellectual freedom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enlightenment ruler is known for introducing freedom of the press?

<p>Joseph of Austria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes Montesquieu's influence?

<p>He considered British governance to be the best of his time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of Immanual Kant's philosophy in the Enlightenment?

<p>Reason is universal and independent of experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did Locke assert regarding an unjust ruler?

<p>People have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of Independence (DOI) emphasize about rights?

<p>Individuals are born with certain rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major outcome of the Constitutional Convention?

<p>Instituting checks and balances through three branches of government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic principle did Adam Smith promote?

<p>Individuals should be free to choose what to produce and sell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Navigation Act?

<p>To restrict colonists from selling products to any country except Britain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Bill of Rights in the new American government?

<p>It listed the powers that government could never use against the people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic system was questioned during the revolutionary era?

<p>The concept of fixed wealth controlled by the monarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue began to be scrutinized during the revolutionary era?

<p>The institution of American slavery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the first act of defiance against King Louis XVI?

<p>The Tennis Court Oath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic advisor was employed by Louis XVI but later dismissed after recommending taxing the second estate?

<p>Jacques Necker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the mob take in July 1789 in response to Louis XVI's orders?

<p>They attacked the Bastille (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant document was created in August 1789?

<p>The Declaration of the Rights of Man (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the fate of Louis XVI following the revolution?

<p>He was executed by guillotine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Robespierre begin during the Reign of Terror?

<p>An enemies list targeting opponents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the fate of prisoners in Paris during the autumn of 1792?

<p>They were murdered by mobs of Jacobin supporters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major action did France take in April 1792 concerning Austria?

<p>They declared war (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily associated with the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution?

<p>Robespierre (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation for Charlotte Corday's assassination of Jean Paul-Marat?

<p>To end the violence of the revolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group would have preferred a constitutional monarchy rather than the extreme changes brought by the revolution?

<p>Girodins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social class in France was exempt from paying taxes during the old regime?

<p>First Estate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 1795 that marked a shift in the governance of France?

<p>The establishment of the Directory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group during the revolution became more totalitarian than the monarchy they opposed?

<p>Jacobins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common belief held by the Girodins about the Jacobins' actions?

<p>They were too extreme and proved their initial concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Louis XVI's support of the American colonies have on public perception of him?

<p>Encouraged citizens to question his authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bastille symbolize in the context of the French Revolution?

<p>French tyranny (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the National Assembly during the French Revolution?

<p>To protest the Estates General system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document defined the individual and collective rights of all estates as universal?

<p>The Declaration of the Rights of Man (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the Angry Fish Wives involved in the French Revolution?

<p>They protested against the king's economic policies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the guillotine play in the French Revolution?

<p>It was the primary method of execution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader of the French Revolution was known for his radical approach and responsibility for mass executions?

<p>Maximilien Robespierre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Jacques Necker's role during the events leading to the French Revolution?

<p>He was appointed to address the financial crisis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept related to human behavior did Jean Jacques Rousseau advocate that influenced revolution leaders?

<p>Social pressures create corruption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary reason for the American Revolution?

<p>Perception of rights being taken by a foreign king (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution differ in its approach to religion compared to the American Revolution?

<p>It attempted to separate religion from government entirely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major societal issue contributed to the discontent leading to the French Revolution?

<p>A declining economy and rampant unemployment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reaction among the French revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror?

<p>They turned against each other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the American view of religion during their revolution?

<p>They regarded the revolution as divinely ordained (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the peasants' desires during the French Revolution in contrast to the elites?

<p>Elites sought power while peasants wanted basic necessities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which church was notably connected to the monarchy during the French Revolution?

<p>Catholic Church (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a major result of the American revolutionary unity?

<p>Collaboration among colonies against the King (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of Robespierre's actions during the French Revolution?

<p>He attempted to eliminate both the church and monarchy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drove the widespread cynicism towards the monarchy before the French Revolution?

<p>Inconsistent management and governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason and individual rights, influencing the American Revolution.

John Locke

An Enlightenment philosopher advocating for limited government and natural rights.

Thomas Hobbes

An Enlightenment philosopher supporting absolute monarchy, contrasting with Locke.

American Revolution

A war for independence influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly natural rights.

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Natural Rights

Inherent rights believed to belong to all people, including life, liberty, and property.

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Thomas Jefferson

Key figure in the American Revolution, using Enlightenment ideals to justify independence.

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Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American independence from Britain, reflecting Enlightenment ideas.

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Enlightened Monarchs

European rulers who implemented reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas, like religious freedom and reduced censorship.

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Estates General

A representative assembly of the three social classes in France (clergy, nobility, and commoners), called by King Louis XVI in 1789 to address the financial crisis.

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Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by members of the Third Estate, who had left the Estates General, to form a National Assembly and create a new constitution for France.

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Bastille

A royal prison in Paris, stormed and taken over by a mob in July 1789, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

A document adopted by the National Assembly in August 1789, outlining fundamental rights and freedoms for all citizens of France.

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Jacobin Club

A radical political club formed during the French Revolution, advocating for a republic and social reforms.

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Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence in France during the revolution (1793-1794) controlled by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety where thousands were executed.

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Committee of Public Safety

A powerful executive body during the French Revolution controlled by the Jacobins, responsible for overseeing the Reign of Terror.

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Guillotine

A device used during the French Revolution for carrying out executions, particularly in the Reign of Terror.

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DOI's Influence on Government

The Declaration of Independence emphasizes that individuals have inherent rights and governments are created to protect them, reflecting the Enlightenment belief in popular sovereignty.

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Navigation Acts' Impact

The Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade, forcing colonists to sell only to Britain and pay high taxes on goods from other countries.

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Stamp Act: First Tax?

The Stamp Act was the first direct tax levied on American colonists by the British government, requiring colonists to purchase stamps for printed materials.

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Constitutional Convention Aim

The Constitutional Convention aimed to establish a stronger national government for the newly formed United States, drawing on Enlightenment political theories.

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Checks and Balances

The Constitutional convention established a system with three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

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Bill of Rights: Protecting Citizens

The Bill of Rights guarantees specific freedoms and rights for individuals, ensuring government cannot infringe on them.

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Adam Smith & the Economy

Adam Smith challenged the traditional role of government in the economy, advocating for free markets where individuals could freely choose what to produce and sell.

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Slavery's First Challenge

The American Revolution marked the first significant challenge to the institution of slavery, leading to widespread debate and scrutiny.

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French Revolution Factions

During the worst phase of the French Revolution, several factions emerged with differing political aims and views on the desired form of government.

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Jacobins

A radical political faction during the French Revolution, advocating for a republic and responsible for the Reign of Terror.

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Girodins

A moderate faction during the French Revolution, favoring a constitutional monarchy and opposing the excesses of the Jacobins.

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Royalists

Supporters of the French monarchy during the Revolution, advocating for a king with some degree of power.

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First Estate

The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church in France during the Old Regime, owning a significant amount of land and exempted from paying taxes.

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Second Estate

The French nobility during the Old Regime, owning a large amount of land and exempt from most taxes, holding significant political power.

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Third Estate

The largest social class in pre-revolutionary France, composed of commoners, farmers, merchants, and workers, bearing the brunt of taxation despite lacking political power.

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Louis XVI's Impact on Revolution

Louis XVI's support of the American Revolution, while aiming to weaken France's rival England, likely had the unintended consequence of inspiring French citizens to question their own monarchy and seek change.

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National Assembly

A revolutionary body formed by the Third Estate to challenge the power of the French monarchy and create a new government.

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Angry Fish Wives

A group of Parisian women who marched on Versailles to demand action from the royal family during the French Revolution.

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Maximilien Robespierre

A prominent leader of the French Revolution known for his radical policies and role in the Reign of Terror.

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George Danton

A powerful figure in the French Revolution who was later executed by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror.

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Marat

A French revolutionary journalist known for his radical views and demand for the execution of the revolution's enemies.

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American Revolution's Cause

It started because colonists felt their rights and freedoms were taken away by the British King. They saw it as a revolt against a foreign power.

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American Revolution's Unity

The colonists fought together despite being from different colonies, all striving for freedom and defeating the British.

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French Revolution's Cause

Years of poor leadership and mismanagement by the King led to famine and discontent. People became cynical towards the monarchy.

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French Revolution's Divided Response

The revolution didn't unite everyone. Elites wanted power, while common people wanted food and relief from suffering.

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French Revolution's Role of Religion

The Catholic Church's support of the monarchy made it a target. Leaders tried to eliminate its influence, leading to violence and persecution.

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How American Revolution Viewed Religion

While most Americans didn't mix religion with government, they believed God supported their struggle for freedom.

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French Revolution's Moral Vacuum

By rejecting Christianity, the revolution created a moral void. It lacked the usual ethical framework.

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American Revolution's Moral Order

The colonists believed they were fighting for a just and righteous cause, appealing to divine order and principles of liberty.

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French Revolution's Moral Vacuum Impact

The absence of a clear moral framework during the French Revolution led to internal conflicts and instability, as people lacked shared values and goals.

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Study Notes

American Revolution

  • Thirty years' war between Catholic and Protestant followed Luther's ideas.
  • Led to Protestant empowerment of the individual and the Enlightenment.
  • Philosophers like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were influential during the Age of Reason.
  • Hobbes believed in a monarch with absolute power. Locke was not anti-monarch but believed monarchs should have restrictions.

French Philosophers

  • Voltaire was one of the first public figures in his time to openly declare atheism.
  • He was enthralled with intellectual freedom in England and advocated an enlightened monarch.
  • Montesquieu believed the British system was the best, influenced by Locke's natural rights concept.
  • Rousseau believed "man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains".
  • He argued for equality and the abolishment of the class system.
  • He believed mankind was corrupted by society, not by personal sin.

The Enlightenment

  • Immanuel Kant defined reason as universal and independent of experience.

  • Enlightenment thinking, by cutting free from historical constraints, can produce crazy notions.

  • Important enlightened rulers include Frederick of Prussia and Joseph of Austria.

  • Frederick of Prussia granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, improved education and reformed the justice system, abolishing torture.

  • Joseph of Austria introduced freedom of the press and abolished serfdom.

  • Catherine of Russia also supported freedom of worship and abolished serfdom.

The Influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution

  • Leaders like Thomas Jefferson used Enlightenment ideals to justify independence.
  • Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (1776) reflected Enlightenment arguments for natural rights.
  • John Locke asserted the right of people to rebel against unjust rulers.
  • The Declaration of Independence emphasized that governments are formed to secure rights stemming from the people.
  • The Navigation Acts prevented colonists from selling products to other countries, except Britain, and imposing high taxes on various goods.
  • The Stamp Act was the first British tax on American colonies, needing printed materials produced in London.

American Economic System

  • Colonies faced old economic models of monarch-led systems that dictated production and protected local goods.
  • Adam Smith questioned this system, contributing to the new American economy.
  • Smith believed individuals should be free to choose what to produce and sell for profit. He argued that wealth was not fixed but could increase through this freedom.

The French Revolution: Timeline

  • 1770: Louis XVI marries Marie Antoinette.
  • 1774: Louis XV dies; Louis XVI becomes king.
  • 1789: France faces severe financial crisis.
  • Estates General convened: The Third Estate (commoners) formed the National Assembly (protesting).
  • 1789: Louis XVI fired Jacques Necker, provoking the French Revolution.
  • July 1789: Storming of the Bastille.
  • August 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man written.
  • 1789 Fall: The Bourbons were forced to relocated to Paris under house arrest.
  • June 1791: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to flee but were stopped.
  • April 1792: France declared war on Austria.
  • 1792: Reign of Terror caused mass murders of French citizens.
  • 1793: Louis XVI was executed.
  • 1793: Marie Antoinette was executed.
  • 1794: Danton and Robespierre executed.
  • 1795: The Directory was established, revising laws and creating a new constitution.

Factions Among the Revolution

  • Jacobins, Girodins, Royalists emerged during the revolution.
  • Jacobins were radical, and Girodins were moderate.
  • Jacobins became responsible for the Reign of Terror.
  • Royalists favored the king.

Role of Religion in the French and American Revolutions

  • American Revolution: Americans didn't associate religion with government; saw revolution as God-ordained.
  • French Revolution: Catholic Church was so connected to the monarchy. Robespierre attempted to abolish religion.

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Explore the key ideas and philosophers of the Enlightenment period and their influence on the American and French revolutions. This quiz covers major figures such as Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau, and Voltaire, highlighting their contributions to political thought and individual rights.

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