Podcast
Questions and Answers
What significant event occurred in 1808 that weakened Spain's control over its colonies?
What significant event occurred in 1808 that weakened Spain's control over its colonies?
- The declaration of independence in Haiti.
- Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the Iberian Peninsula. (correct)
- A revolt among the criollo elite in New Spain.
- The Spanish king Ferdinand VII was overthrown.
Which document inspired the Haitian Revolution despite its restrictive application?
Which document inspired the Haitian Revolution despite its restrictive application?
- The Magna Carta
- The Constitution of Saint Domingue
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (correct)
In what year did Haiti gain independence from the French Empire?
In what year did Haiti gain independence from the French Empire?
- 1810
- 1804 (correct)
- 1815
- 1800
Which two countries provided support to the Haitian slaves during their revolt?
Which two countries provided support to the Haitian slaves during their revolt?
What was a major reason for the insurgent movement in Mexico that began in 1810?
What was a major reason for the insurgent movement in Mexico that began in 1810?
Who were the main leaders of the Haitian Revolution?
Who were the main leaders of the Haitian Revolution?
What was a consequence of the successful overthrow of colonial rule in Haiti?
What was a consequence of the successful overthrow of colonial rule in Haiti?
What was the predominant social structure in the Haitian colony before independence?
What was the predominant social structure in the Haitian colony before independence?
What were the Enlightenment ideas primarily promoting that influenced the independence movements in the colonies?
What were the Enlightenment ideas primarily promoting that influenced the independence movements in the colonies?
Who were the criollos in the context of the independence movements in Spanish colonies?
Who were the criollos in the context of the independence movements in Spanish colonies?
What was a significant outcome of the Bourbon Reforms concerning the criollo elite?
What was a significant outcome of the Bourbon Reforms concerning the criollo elite?
Which leader is NOT associated with the independence movements in the Spanish colonies?
Which leader is NOT associated with the independence movements in the Spanish colonies?
What was the primary intention behind the Spanish crown's implementation of the Bourbon Reforms?
What was the primary intention behind the Spanish crown's implementation of the Bourbon Reforms?
What economic issue did the criollo elite face as a result of the Bourbon Reforms?
What economic issue did the criollo elite face as a result of the Bourbon Reforms?
Which of the following was a direct influence of Enlightenment ideas on the independence movements?
Which of the following was a direct influence of Enlightenment ideas on the independence movements?
What was one primary effect of the discontent among criollos against the Bourbon Reforms?
What was one primary effect of the discontent among criollos against the Bourbon Reforms?
Flashcards
Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment Ideas
Philosophical ideas emphasizing natural rights, liberty, and self-determination.
Thirteen British Colonies
Thirteen British Colonies
British colonies in North America that declared independence from Britain.
Criollos
Criollos
Wealthy descendants of Spanish settlers, born in the Americas.
Peninsulares
Peninsulares
Spanish-born officials and elites in the colonies.
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Bourbon Reforms
Bourbon Reforms
Spanish crown's attempts to strengthen control over its colonies.
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Colonial Discontent
Colonial Discontent
Opposition to colonial rule, fueled by Enlightenment ideals and economic restrictions.
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Spanish Colonial Empire
Spanish Colonial Empire
Vast empire built by Spain spanning throughout Central and South America.
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Colonial Exploitation
Colonial Exploitation
Colonial empires profiting from the natural resources in the colonies
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Napoleon's Invasion
Napoleon's Invasion
Napoleon Bonaparte's conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 1808 weakened Spain's control over its colonies, creating opportunities for local leaders to challenge Spanish authority.
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Haitian Revolution
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution, led by figures like Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines, successfully overthrew French colonial rule, establishing Haiti as the world's first Afro-descendant republic.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Declaration of the Rights of Man, a key concept of the French Revolution, promised liberty and equality, but did not apply to slaves in Saint Domingue, fueling their desire for freedom.
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Spanish Colonial Discontent
Spanish Colonial Discontent
Wide-spread resentment among the Criollo elite in New Spain against the Bourbon Reforms and economic restrictions fueled an independence movement.
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Influence of Enlightenment Ideas
Influence of Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment ideals, with concepts of individual liberty, popular sovereignty, and self-determination, inspired independence movements in the Americas.
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Economic Strain
Economic Strain
Economic hardship and unfair trade practices by colonial powers contributed to the rise of nationalism and independence movements in the Americas.
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New Spain
New Spain
The Spanish colony of New Spain, spanning much of Central and South America, faced intense resentment against colonial rule, leading to the eventual independence movement in Mexico.
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Enlightenment and Independence Movements
- Enlightenment ideas (natural rights, civil liberties, liberal government) spurred change, impacting European colonies and leading to independence movements.
- North American colonies and France saw significant shifts, followed by Spanish colonies.
- Simón Bolívar and Miguel Hidalgo led independence efforts in South America.
Background of Spanish and Portuguese Empires
- Spanish and Portuguese empires consolidated power in the 16th century, centered in Central and South America.
- These empires exploited colonies' resources (gold, silver).
- By the 19th century, imperial dominance was challenged.
Criollo Elite and Bourbon Reforms
- Criollos (wealthy descendants of Spanish settlers born in America) faced social limitations compared to Peninsulares (Spanish-born).
- Bourbon Reforms aimed to strengthen Spain's control over colonies.
- Restrictions on government positions for criollos led to discontent, as well as economic restrictions.
- This dissatisfaction fueled resentment and nationalist sentiments pushing towards independence.
Immediate Causes: Napoleon's Invasion
- Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (1808) weakened Spain's control over its colonies.
- This weakened authority created opportunities for local leaders.
Haitian Independence
- Haiti, a former French colony, became the first Afro-descendant republic in 1804.
- Influenced by the French Revolution's ideals of liberty and equality: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
- However, these rights were not applied to enslaved people.
- Slave revolt, supported by Spain and the UK, led to independence, symbolizing resistance and liberation.
Mexican Independence
- The Spanish colony of New Spain (modern Mexico, Central America, etc.) experienced an independence movement in 1810.
- This movement was based on criollo discontent over Bourbon reforms; influenced by Enlightenment ideas and other revolutions.
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