English Verbs: -ed, -ing, -es Usage

Usage of -ed

• Function: Indicates past tense or completed action of regular verbs.
• Formation: Add "-ed" to the base form of the verb.
  • Example: walk → walked, jump → jumped
• Phonetic Variations:
  • /id/: after verbs ending in -t or -d (e.g., needed, wanted)
  • /t/: after voiceless consonants (e.g., laughed, helped)
  • /d/: after voiced consonants (e.g., played, called)

Usage of -ing

• Function: Indicates present continuous tense or gerunds.
• Formation: Add "-ing" to the base form of the verb.
  • Example: play → playing, run → running
• Phonetic Variations: The final "-g" is always pronounced as /ɪŋ/.
• Special Cases:
  • Doubling consonants for one-syllable verbs with a single vowel before a single consonant (e.g., hop → hopping, sit → sitting).
  • Drop final "e" before adding "-ing" (e.g., write → writing, make → making).

Rules for Adding -es

• Usage: Used to form plurals or third-person singular present tense when certain conditions are met.
• Conditions:
  • Add "-es" to nouns ending in -s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, or -o.
    • Example: box → boxes, bush → bushes, tomato → tomatoes.
• Exceptions: Some nouns do not follow this rule (e.g., photo → photos).

Irregular Verb Forms

• Definition: Verbs that do not follow standard "-ed" rules for the past tense.
• Examples:
  • go → went
  • have → had
  • be → was/were
• Gerunds: Irregular verbs still follow regular "-ing" rules (e.g., be → being).

Rules for Adding -s

• Function: Forms plurals or third-person singular present tense.
• Conditions:
  • Add "-s" to most nouns or present tense verbs.
    • Example: cat → cats, run → runs.
• Phonetic Variations:
  • /s/: after voiceless sounds (e.g., cats, books).
  • /z/: after voiced sounds (e.g., dogs, cars).
  • /ɪz/: after sibilant sounds (-s, -z, -sh, -ch) (e.g., buses, matches).

Adding "-ed" to Regular Verbs

• Indicates past tense or completed action
• Formed by adding "-ed" to the base form of the verb
• Phonetic variations:
  • /id/ after verbs ending in -t or -d
  • /t/ after voiceless consonants
  • /d/ after voiced consonants

Adding "-ing" to Verbs

• Indicates present continuous tense or gerunds
• Formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of the verb
• The final "-g" is always pronounced as /ɪŋ/
• Special cases:
  • Doubling consonants for one-syllable verbs with a single vowel before a single consonant
  • Drop final "e" before "-ing"

Adding "-es" to Nouns and Verbs

• Forms plurals or third-person singular present tense
• Applies to nouns ending in -s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch, or -o
• Exceptions: Some nouns do not follow this rule

Irregular Verb Forms

• Verbs that do not follow standard "-ed" rules for the past tense
• Follow regular "-ing" rules for gerunds

Adding "-s" to Nouns and Verbs

• Forms plurals or third-person singular present tense
• Add "-s" to most nouns or present tense verbs
• Phonetic variations:
  • /s/ after voiceless sounds
  • /z/ after voiced sounds
  • /ɪz/ after sibilant sounds (-s, -z, -sh, -ch)