40 Questions
What was the significance of the arrival of the Beaker People in Britain?
They eventually merged with the Celts.
Why did the Anglo-Saxons settle in villages near farmland?
To ensure they could grow crops and sustain their communities.
Why did the Vikings initially raid Britain in the 790s?
They traded with the Anglo-Saxons and knew of their wealth.
How did Alfred the Great contribute to the education reform in England?
He translated books from Latin to English and encouraged learning English.
Why did Vikings settle in Britain rather than stay in Scandinavia?
Norway's hilly terrain and Denmark's sandy soil made farming difficult; overcrowded Scandinavia and the inheritance system favored the eldest son.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Edington in 878?
Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings and forced their leader to convert to Christianity.
What was the Danelaw and how did it influence Britain?
The Danelaw was the area of England under Viking control, influencing laws, place names, customs, and farming practices.
What reforms did Alfred the Great implement to strengthen his kingdom's defenses?
He built burhs (fortresses) and refortified Roman-era towns.
What event marked the end of Viking Rule in York?
954
Who were Edgar the Peaceful’s two heirs?
Edward and Aethelred
How did King Aethelred attempt to deal with the Vikings in 991?
He agreed to pay Danegeld (3300kg of silver).
What event sparked Sven Forkbeard's revenge against Aethelred?
St Brice's Day Massacre
How did Cnut secure his rule over England after Aethelred's death?
He married Emma of Normandy and used her established influence.
What significant law did Cnut introduce in 1020?
Cnut’s Law Code
Name at least two changes Cnut made in Britain to maintain peace.
Executed powerful Saxon nobles, good relations with church leaders, created English earldoms.
What happened to the North Sea Empire after Cnut’s death in 1035?
Harold became king, followed by Harthacnut, then Edward (son of Aethelred and Emma)
Who became king of England immediately after Edward the Confessor's death?
Harold Godwinson
What are two impacts of Norman rule on English architecture?
French style churches and castles
What event took place on the 14th of October 1066?
The Battle of Hastings
Who were the three main claimants to the English throne in 1066?
William, Duke of Normandy; Harald Hardrada, Ruler of Norway and Denmark; Harold Godwinson
Which Saxon held the most powerful position in England by 1066?
Harold Godwinson
How did Edward the Confessor's upbringing influence his rule?
He spent most of his childhood in Normandy, spoke French, and had close Norman friends.
What significant change in the feudal system did the Normans implement?
They promoted loyal Normans to positions of power, such as barons and knights.
What was a significant consequence for the Saxons under Norman rule?
Saxons became second-class English citizens.
Why did King Edward III claim the French throne in 1337?
Edward III claimed the French throne to prove himself a better ruler, for economic reasons, to uphold his hereditary claim, and out of anger towards the French.
What territories did the English crown own in France during Henry II's reign and how did this change under King John?
During Henry II's reign, the English crown owned many French areas, but these lands were lost under King John.
What marked the end of the Battle of Agincourt and its significance?
The Battle of Agincourt ended with an English victory; it was significant for Henry V's successes leading to the Treaty of Troyes where he married the French King's daughter and was named heir to the French throne.
What were the main outcomes of the Edwardian Phase of the Hundred Years' War?
The English had several victories, including Crecy, Poitiers, and the Port of Calais, and captured the French King John II, ultimately giving up their claim to the French throne in exchange for Gascony and Calais.
What led to the decline of English power in France during the Joan of Arc phase?
The decline was led by the inspiration of Joan of Arc who galvanized the French to victory, notably in the Siege of Orleans, and continued until 1453 when England lost all territories except Calais.
What were the economic impacts of the Hundred Years' War on England and France?
Both nations raised taxes more often, with England losing wealthy provinces and some English gaining wealth through plundering.
Describe the impact of the Hundred Years' War on French unity.
The war eventually led to strengthened French nationalism, improved tax systems, and the consolidation of power under a new French king.
How did the Hundred Years' War contribute to the birth of an English identity?
The war led to the rejection of French as the official language, distinct cultural identifiers from battle victories, increased use of English by the kings, and a unified national identity.
When did William the Conqueror die and who succeeded him as Duke of Normandy?
1087; Robert
What was the significant outcome of the battles between Stephen and Matilda from 1135 to 1153?
Agreement that Matilda's son, Henry II, would be heir.
Which territories did Henry II acquire through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine?
Duchy of Aquitaine
What was the Treaty of Windsor, and when was it signed?
Treaty where Ireland's King Rory O' Conner paid homage to Henry II; 1175
How did King John earn the nickname 'John Softsword'?
For bad military techniques
Who did King John fight and imprison, leading to speculation about this person's mysterious death?
Arthur
What was the main reason European Christians participated in the Crusades from 1095 to 1291?
To seize The Holy Land and keep it from Muslims
What were the two options given to John by the Barons during The First Barons War?
Change the way the country was run or fight
Study Notes
England after William the Conqueror
- 1087: William the Conqueror dies, Robert becomes Duke of Normandy, William II of England, and Henry gets money only
- 1100: William II dies, Henry I becomes King
- 1106: Henry I defeats Robert, Duke of Normandy
The Anarchy
- 1100: Henry I becomes King
- 1135: Henry I dies, Stephen I takes the throne, and battles between Stephen and Matilda occur
- 1153: Agreement made that Matilda's son, Henry II, will be the heir
- October 1154: Stephen I dies, Henry II becomes King
The Reign of Henry II
- October 1154: Henry II becomes King of England
- Inherited Normandy from Matilda (mother) and Count of Anjou and Maine from Geoffrey (father)
- 1152: Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, acquiring the Duchy of Aquitaine
- 1166: Henry II's son marries French Duchess, acquiring Duchy of Brittany
- 1171: Henry II becomes Overlord of Ireland
- 1189: Henry II dies, Richard I becomes King
Conquerors and the Conquered
The Angevin Empire
- 1095-1291: European Christians invade the Middle East to seize the Holy Land and keep it from Muslims
- People went for power, riches, and pilgrimage
Henry II and Ireland
- Prior kings showed no interest in Ireland
- Irish Sea was rough, and Ireland was not as rich
- Ruled by many nobles styled as "King"
- 1166: King Dermot of Leinster asks Henry II for help to defeat Irish King
- 1166: Henry II sends Earl of Pembroke with Knights and Barons to help Dermot
- 1171: Dermot dies, and English take land
- 1171: Henry II visits Ireland and is seen as Overlord of Ireland
- 1175: Henry II signs the Treaty of Windsor
- Ireland King (Rory O'Conner) pays homage
Henry II and France
- France was ruled by King Louis II
- Henry II owned large areas around France
- Henry II had to control both areas
The Angevin Empire after Henry II
- 1189: Henry II dies, Richard I becomes King
- Richard I was often away from England in the Crusades
- Richard I had a brother called John
- John began scheming with King Phillip II of France to overthrow Richard and be King
- 1190s: King Phillip II of France invades Normandy/Anjou
- 1198: King Richard I successfully fights off King Phillip II
- 1199: King Richard I dies, John becomes King
King John's Relations with Arthur
- King John saw Arthur as a threat to his power
England after Alfred the Great
- 927: Athelstan (Alfred's grandson) conquers Northumbria
- 954: Viking Rule in York ends
- 959: Edgar the Peaceful becomes King
- 975: Edgar the Peaceful dies, leaving problems
Reign after Edgar the Peaceful
- 975: Edgar the Peaceful dies, leaving problems
- Edgar left two heirs from different mothers
- Edward (aged 12) and Aethelred (aged 9)
- 975: Edward the Martyr becomes King
- 978: Edward is murdered by Aethelred supporters
- Aethelred becomes King of England
Aethelred's Reign
- Aethelred's reign was difficult
- He was young and had a poor judge of character
- His advisers were corrupt and only cared about money
- His reign coincided with a fresh round of Viking raids
The Return of the Vikings
- 991: Sven Forkbeard and Olaf Tryggvason arrive with a fleet of over 90 ships
- August 991: Battle of Maldon, English defeat
- Aethelred agrees to pay Danegeld (3300kg of Silver) and most Vikings leave or stay as mercenaries
- 997: Fresh round of Viking raids for Danegeld
Deal with Normandy
- The Normans were descendants of Vikings
- Vikings were using Normandy as a base after the raids
- Aethelred made a deal with the Duke of Normandy
- They promised to help each other against enemies
- Seal Agreement: Aethelred married Emma (Duke's sister)
Forkbeard's Revenge
- November 1002: St. Brice's Day Massacre
- Mass killing of Vikings due to fear and hate
- Gunhilda (Forkbeard's sister) was killed
- Sven Forkbeard was the King of Denmark
- He was in charge of the Vikings
- Wanted revenge for Gunhilda and fortune
- 1013: Sven Forkbeard conquers England
- Aethelred flees the country
Aethelred's Return
- Forkbeard King 1013, peace for a while
- 1014: Forkbeard dies, and Cnut (son) is King
- Aethelred returns with Saxon noble support
- Cnut flees to Denmark
- Aethelred's reign was full of violence
- April 1016: Aethelred dies, son Edmund becomes King
Emma of Normandy
- Sister of Duke of Normandy
- Marriage to Aethelred the Unready
- United Vikings and Saxons
- Marriage to Cnut
- Brought lands
- Created North Sea Empire
- Strong leader
- Good with money
- Improved church relations
King Cnut
- An era of peace for around 20 years
- Popular ruler, seen as fair and devout
- Expensive payment to Viking army in England
- Used money to maintain order
- Married Emma of Normandy
- Kept consistency from previous rule
This quiz covers the events in migration part 1
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