Questions and Answers
When teaching speaking to young learners, what is crucial to avoid in pronunciation practice?
What is a key principle for developing speaking skills in the primary classroom?
What type of speaking activity is most suitable for advanced learners?
What is the purpose of awareness-raising activities in speaking development?
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What is an important aspect of individual speaking time?
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Why is automaticity important in speaking development?
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What is a key benefit of using real-life speaking activities with advanced learners?
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What is the primary goal of speaking activities for young learners?
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What is one of the communication problems that young learners may face due to a lack of knowledge of cultural and social rules and norms?
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Which of the following speaking activities can help advanced learners develop their speaking strategies?
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What can teachers do to promote automaticity and autonomy in speaking activities?
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Which of the following can be a challenge when teaching speaking to young learners?
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What can teachers do to ensure that each learner gets individual speaking time in a group activity?
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What is one way to promote learner orientation when planning speaking activities?
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What is one benefit of using simulations and project work in speaking activities?
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What can teachers do to empower learners and develop their willingness to speak?
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What is the primary focus of 'appropriation activities' in speaking classrooms?
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Which of the following speaking activities is most suitable for advanced learners?
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What is the primary goal of fostering automaticity and autonomy in speaking?
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Which speaking activity is most effective in increasing individual speaking time?
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What is the purpose of 'coherent speaking' activities in the speaking classroom?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'fostering automaticity and autonomy' tasks?
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Study Notes
Teaching Speaking
- Organization, socio-cultural aspects, performance effects, communication strategies, speech acts, discourse markers, and features of spoken grammar and vocabulary are essential components of teaching speaking.
Appropriation Activities
- Practice with reduced teacher and peer control, such as:
- Chants
- Writing as preparation for speaking
- Reading aloud
- Flow-diagram conversations and dialogues with assisted performance and scaffolding
Fostering Automaticity and Autonomy
- Tasks with minimal teacher assistance under real operating conditions, such as:
- Academic presentations
- Drama
- Role-plays and simulations
- Discussions and debates outside of class speaking
Methods to Increase Individual Speaking Time
Coherent Speaking
- Activities such as:
- Dramatic reading
- Talking about pictures, drawings, and other creatives
- Story-telling
- 1-minute or book and movie presentations
- Cooperative methods (TPS, round robin, 4 corners)
Participating in Conversations
- Activities such as:
- Dialogues with a framework (model dialogues)
- Talking while walking
- Interviews: tandem work, information-gaps, job interviews
- Class surveys
- Cooperative methods (TPS, round robin, 4 corners, discussions, role play)
Parameters of a Genuine Speaking Situation
- Consider the following factors:
- Persons: who is talking to whom
- Relationship of the interlocutors
- Knowledge the interlocutors have of one another
- Common knowledge of the topic
- Communication motive
- Emotions: individual involvement
- Urgency of the message
- Place: where does the conversation take place
- Speaker's intent: discourse strategy
- Time: when does the conversation take place
- Level of language skills
- Non-verbal signals: facial expressions, gestures, body language
- Action continuum: actions during the conversation
- Presence of certain objects
- Medium: phone, face-to-face, interactive
- Degree of privacy: intimate, group, media
- Degree of obligation
Teaching Speaking to Different Learner Groups
Young Learners
- Characteristics:
- Playful, using songs, games, and role-play
- Varied practice with a strong element of repetition
- Focus on verbs and structure words
- Strong focus on pronunciation to avoid fossilization
- Principles:
- Balance listening and speaking
- Use English as a means of communication
- Present new language using gestures, mime, and action
- Encourage learners to interact spontaneously and provide support
Advanced Learners
- Characteristics:
- Real-life type of speaking
- Activities such as:
- Telling a joke
- Greeting a passing colleague
- Making a phone enquiry
- Chatting with a friend
- Explaining medical problems to a doctor
- Negotiating a sale
- Giving street directions
- Making a presentation
- Communicating live online during an Internet game
- Explaining a grammatical point
Speaking Activities for Different Stages
- Awareness-raising activities: listening to scripted, semi-scripted, or authentic recordings while focusing on features of spoken language
Communication Problems
- Common issues:
- Lack of knowledge of pronunciation
- Lack of knowledge of language (grammar, vocabulary, set phrases)
- Lack of knowledge of the functions of language, discourse patterns, register
- Lack of knowledge of cultural and social rules and norms
Challenges and Solutions when Teaching Speaking
Challenges
- Common challenges:
- Lack of vocabulary
- Problems with pronunciation
- Inhibition
- Lack of time
- Lack of practice
- Lack of creativity
- Low or uneven participation
- Different levels of speaking competence
Solutions
- Strategies to overcome challenges:
- Teaching speaking strategies
- Creating a positive atmosphere
- Planning phrases with tolerance of mistakes
- Giving time to conceptualize
- Using a variety of speaking activities
- Using a model text/doing a brainstorming
- Pair or group work/activities
- Learner orientation
- Creating meaningful tasks
- Providing learners with language support
- Developing the willingness to speak and the ability to speak
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Description
Discover effective strategies for teaching and learning English language, including socio-cultural aspects, communication strategies, and speech acts. Practice appropriation activities and foster automaticity and autonomy in language learning.