English Grammar: Present Tenses

• The notes cover English grammar topics, including tenses (present and past), passive voice, modal verbs (obligation and permission), requests, offers, and verb patterns.

Present Tenses

• Present tenses are divided into four types, each with its own rules and uses.

Present Simple

• Used for daily habits and established facts.
• Structure: Subject + Base verb (+ 's' for singular subjects) + Object.
• Example: "she goes to gym every morning," "the sun rises in the east".

Present Continuous

• Used for actions happening now.
• Structure: Subject + Verb to be (am, is, are) + Verb-ing.
• Example: "I am studying English now."

Present Perfect

• Used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present, or actions that finished recently but their effect is still present, or experiences without specifying a time.
• Structure: Subject + Has/Have + V3 (past participle).
• Example: "She has worked here since 2020," "I have lost my keys”, “She has just finished her every exam”.
• Accompanied by adverbs like never, since, yet, already.

Present Perfect Continuous

• Used for actions that began in the past and are still ongoing.
• Structure: Subject + Has/Have + Been + Verb-ing.
• Example: "I have been studying for 3 hours."

Passive Voice

• Used when the subject performing the action is not important. The object becomes the focus.
• The object is placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Present Simple Passive

• Structure: Object + Verb to be (am, is, are) + V3.
• Example: "cakes are made every day".

Present Continuous Passive

• Structure: Object + Verb to be (am, is, are) + Being + V3.
• Example: "The house is being painted."

Past Simple

• Used to describe actions or events that occurred and finished in the past.
• Structure: Subject + past form (verb+ed)
• Example: "I worked yesterday"

Past Simple Passive

• Structure: Object + was/were + V3.
• Example: "The room was cleaned."
• 'was' is used for singular subjects
• 'were' is used for plural subjects

Modal Verbs: Obligation

Must

• Expresses a strong obligation
• Example: "You must do your homework."

Have to

• Expresses an obligation.
• Example: "I have to go to the doctor."

Ought to

• Expresses a moral obligation or duty.
• Example: "You ought to apologize."

Should

• Expresses advice or a recommendation.
• Example: "You should exercise regularly."
• less forceful than 'must'

Modal Verbs: Permission

May

• Used to ask for or give formal permission.
• Example: "May I leave now?"

Can

• Used to ask for informal permission.
• Example: "You can go to the party."

Could

• Used to make a polite request.
• Example: "Could I borrow your phone?"

Might

• Indicates a possibility.
• Example: "You might be able to help."

Requests and Offers

Shall

• Used for suggestions, offers, or seeking agreement.
• Example: "Shall we get some juice?"

Should (Requests and Offers)

• Used for giving advice or making suggestions.
• Example: "You should eat something."

Will

• Used for future requests or decisions.
• Example: "Will you join us for dinner?"

Future Forms

Simple Future (will + verb)

• Used to express decisions, offers, or predictions.
• Example: "I will study tomorrow."

Going to (verb to be + going to + verb)

• Used for plans or intentions.
• Example: "I am going to visit my friend."

Future Continuous (will be + verb + ing)

• Used to describe actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
• Example: "I will be studying at 7 PM."

Verb Patterns

Verb + to + verb

• Example: "I need to buy new shoes."

Verb + verb + -ing

• Example: "I hate eating tomatoes."

Verb + to + verb + -ing

• Example: "I decided to drinking the juice"

Verb + preposition + verb + -ing

• Example: "She's thinking of buying snacks."