English Grammar: Nouns

A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea
Common nouns:
- Refer to general categories of things (e.g. city, dog, teacher)
- Not capitalized unless at the beginning of a sentence or in a title
Proper nouns:
- Refer to specific, unique entities (e.g. John, New York, Amazon)
- Always capitalized
Collective nouns:
- Refer to groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team, flock)
Abstract nouns:
- Refer to intangible concepts or feelings (e.g. happiness, freedom, love)

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence
Personal pronouns:
- Replace nouns that refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
Possessive pronouns:
- Show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her, its)
Reflexive pronouns:
- Refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)
Demonstrative pronouns:
- Point out specific people or things (e.g. this, that, these, those)
Interrogative pronouns:
- Ask questions (e.g. who, what, which, whom, whose)
Indefinite pronouns:
- Refer to non-specific people or things (e.g. someone, something, anyone, anything)

A verb is a word that expresses action, occurrence, or state of being
Action verbs:
- Express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
Linking verbs:
- Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
Helping verbs (auxiliary verbs):
- Used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Transitive verbs:
- Take an object directly (e.g. I throw the ball)
Intransitive verbs:
- Do not take an object directly (e.g. I laugh)

An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun
Quantitative adjectives:
- Describe quantity or amount (e.g. five, six, seventh)
Qualitative adjectives:
- Describe quality or characteristic (e.g. happy, tall, blue)

An adverb is a word that modifies, or describes, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Manner adverbs:
- Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
Time adverbs:
- Describe when something happens (e.g. yesterday, soon, never)
Place adverbs:
- Describe where something happens (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Frequency adverbs:
- Describe how often something happens (e.g. always, never, usually)

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
Common prepositions:
- Words that show location or direction (e.g. in, on, at, by, with)
Phrase prepositions:
- Combinations of words that function as a single preposition (e.g. in front of, according to)

Refer to people, places, things, or ideas
Classified into common, proper, collective, and abstract nouns
Common nouns: general categories, not capitalized unless at the beginning of a sentence or in a title
Proper nouns: specific, unique entities, always capitalized
Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things
Abstract nouns: intangible concepts or feelings

Replace nouns in a sentence
Classified into personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns
Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals
Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession
Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence
Demonstrative pronouns: point out specific people or things
Interrogative pronouns: ask questions
Indefinite pronouns: refer to non-specific people or things

Show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
Classified into common and phrase prepositions
Common prepositions: show location or direction
Phrase prepositions: combinations of words that function as a single preposition