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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the 'dummy do' in yes-no questions?
What is the purpose of the 'dummy do' in yes-no questions?
- To make the sentence more formal
- To add emphasis to the question
- To fill the gap when there is no auxiliary verb (correct)
- To form a wh-question
What is the main characteristic of declarative clauses?
What is the main characteristic of declarative clauses?
- They begin with a question word
- They express an emotion
- They have a subject and a VP (correct)
- They have an inversion of the normal ordering
What type of clause does the sentence 'How many chocolate bars have you eaten?' belong to?
What type of clause does the sentence 'How many chocolate bars have you eaten?' belong to?
- Interrogative clause (correct)
- Declarative clause
- Imperative clause
- Exclamatory clause
What type of sentence does the sentence 'If I were fat, I'd be happy' belong to?
What type of sentence does the sentence 'If I were fat, I'd be happy' belong to?
What is the function of inversion in interrogative clauses?
What is the function of inversion in interrogative clauses?
What is the purpose of using 'were' instead of 'was' in the sentence 'If I were fat, I'd be happy'?
What is the purpose of using 'were' instead of 'was' in the sentence 'If I were fat, I'd be happy'?
What is the function of wh-words in interrogative clauses?
What is the function of wh-words in interrogative clauses?
What is the term for sentences that express strong emotions, such as 'What a fat man!'?
What is the term for sentences that express strong emotions, such as 'What a fat man!'?
In the sentence 'Penny is my dog', what type of process is involved?
In the sentence 'Penny is my dog', what type of process is involved?
In the sentence 'She gave her friend a piece of cake', what is the role of 'her friend'?
In the sentence 'She gave her friend a piece of cake', what is the role of 'her friend'?
In the sentence 'It is cold outside', what type of process is involved?
In the sentence 'It is cold outside', what type of process is involved?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'Mr.Jones smiled broadly'?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'Mr.Jones smiled broadly'?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'He told her “Hello”'?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'He told her “Hello”'?
In the sentence 'Jane heard a loud noise', what is the role of 'Jane'?
In the sentence 'Jane heard a loud noise', what is the role of 'Jane'?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'Ann is nice'?
What type of process is involved in the sentence 'Ann is nice'?
In a prototypical active sentence, what is the role of the direct object?
In a prototypical active sentence, what is the role of the direct object?
Which type of sentence structure is used to emphasize the doer of the action?
Which type of sentence structure is used to emphasize the doer of the action?
What is the correct form of the verb 'to be' in hypothetical situations?
What is the correct form of the verb 'to be' in hypothetical situations?
Which sentence structure involves shifting the ending elements to the initial position?
Which sentence structure involves shifting the ending elements to the initial position?
What is the purpose of using inversion in sentence structures?
What is the purpose of using inversion in sentence structures?
Which sentence structure introduces a clause with 'what' or 'all'?
Which sentence structure introduces a clause with 'what' or 'all'?
What is the correct form of the sentence 'If I am you, I would be careful'?
What is the correct form of the sentence 'If I am you, I would be careful'?
Which sentence structure is used to create a sense of drama or surprise?
Which sentence structure is used to create a sense of drama or surprise?
What is the difference between 'It was Mike who scored the goal' and 'Mike scored the goal'?
What is the difference between 'It was Mike who scored the goal' and 'Mike scored the goal'?
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Study Notes
Process Types
- Material process: doing, creating (e.g., actor, goal, recipient)
- Mental process: sensing, feeling, thinking, perceiving (e.g., senser, phenomenon)
- Relational process: being, having (e.g., carrier, attribute, identifier, identified)
- Verbal process: saying, expressing, indicating (e.g., sayer, target, verbiage)
- Behavioural process: behaving (e.g., behaver)
- Existential process: existing, happening (e.g., existent)
Participant Roles
- Actor: carries out an action
- Goal: affected by the action
- Recipient: goal of the action and profits from it
- Senser: senses, feels, thinks, or perceives
- Phenomenon: what is sensed, felt, thought, or perceived
- Carrier: possesses or has an attribute
- Attribute: quality or characteristic of the carrier
- Identifier: identifies or characterizes
- Identified: what is identified or characterized
- Sayer: says, expresses, or indicates
- Target: what is said, expressed, or indicated
- Verbiage: what is said
- Behaver: behaves
- Existent: exists or happens
Exercise
- Penny is my dog: relational process (being), carrier (Penny), attribute (my dog)
- She gave her friend a piece of cake: material process (giving), actor (she), goal (her friend), recipient (her friend)
- Mr. Jones smiled broadly: behavioural process (smiling), behaver (Mr. Jones)
- It is cold outside: existential process (being), existent (it)
- He told her “Hello”: verbal process (telling), sayer (he), target (her), verbiage (“Hello”)
- Jane heard a loud noise: mental process (hearing), senser (Jane), phenomenon (a loud noise)
- Ann is nice: relational process (being), carrier (Ann), attribute (nice)
Semantic Roles
- Agent: carries out an action
- Patient: affected by the action
- Recipient: goal of the action and profits from it
- Adverbials: define time, place, source, goal, or instrument
Non-Prototypical Sentence Structures
- Cleft sentences: It + to be + that/who…
- Pseudo-cleft sentences: clause introduced by what or all
- Left dislocation: shifting ending elements to the initial position
- Inversion: placing the verb before the NP subject
Declarative and Interrogative Clauses
- Declarative clauses: have a subject and a VP
- Interrogative clauses: have a subject-verb inversion and begin with a question word (wh-word)
Interrogative Clause Types
- Wh-questions: begin with a wh-word and have subject-verb inversion
- Yes-no questions: have subject-verb inversion or use auxiliaries
Dummy Auxiliary “Do”
- Used in questions to fill the gap when there is no auxiliary in the declarative sentence
- Examples: Does Great Uncle Silas drink several screwdrivers a day?
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