STS

English for Specific Purposes (ESP)

• ESP applies content-based principles to develop language proficiency for specific disciplines
• ESP is discipline-specific, goal-oriented, and time-bound.
• Hutchinson and Waters view ESP as an approach, emphasizing language use, rather than a product.
• Domain relates to language variation based on subject matter and function.
• Functional/task-based syllabi include topics like making arrangements, participating in interviews, and buying/selling.
• ESP products can include annual, financial, and laboratory reports, and thesis abstracts.
• Register analysis examines frequent and necessary terms specific to a discipline.
• Effective ESP classes focus on language needs, authentic materials, and relevant communication skills.

Remedial Instruction and Early Intervention

• Remedial instruction aims to help students cope with demands at their current level
• Remedial students often have abilities significantly below their current grade level.
• Individualized Education Programs (IEP) help students overcome learning difficulties and develop potential.
• Remedial reading programs need to diagnose problems like phoneme isolation, syllable segmentation, and graphophonic correspondence
• Instructional materials for remedial instruction should align with skills being developed and cater to diverse learning styles.
• Remedial instruction is not the same as special education, but can include students with special needs needing support.
• Multisensory approaches, like visual aids and hands-on activities, are recommended
• Effective remedial programs involve multisensory activities and parental involvement
• Diagnostic assessments are vital first steps in remedial instruction.
• Teaching pronunciation uses techniques like minimal pair drills and sound discrimination exercises
• Remedial teaching involves adapting instruction to meet diverse learner needs
• Key considerations include learning styles, prior knowledge, and overall background.
• Remedial syllabi should be based on an analysis of learner errors to address specific needs
• Pull-in remediation is suitable for learners needing minimal support in a group setting
• Pull-out remediation is best for students requiring intensive individualized support

Language Education Research

• Experimental research controls variables to explore their influence
• Longitudinal research tracks phenomena over time
• Socio-cultural theory emphasizes interaction for language development
• Intervention-based action research follows a cycle of plan, act, observe, and reflect.
• Quantitative research methods include ANOVA
• Educational research typically follows these steps: problem identification, literature review, data collection, analysis, and conclusion.
• Non-probability sampling methods include judgmental, chain, and non-proportional stratified sampling
• Reliable tests are valid, but valid tests are not always reliable
• Effective language teaching includes communicative activities like role-playing.
• Qualitative research utilizes non-interactive strategies like field notes.
• Ethnographic studies observe cultural contexts in depth
• Mixed-methods research combines quantitative and qualitative techniques
• Surveys, interviews, and observations are common data-gathering methods
• Action research is practical research addressing immediate needs

Mythology and Folklore

• Flood myths often follow a pattern: cause, signs, size, and survivors.
• Hera is represented by the peacock
• Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian hero
• The Children of Lir are turned into swans, then rescued
• Athena exposed Arachne's deception in a weaving competition
• Thor is a Scandinavian thunder god.
• The Phoenix is an Egyptian fire bird
• The Trojan Horse symbolizes deceit.
• Jason and the Argonauts searched for the Golden Fleece
• Anthropomorphism is giving human traits to nonhuman entities
• Philippine myths, such as Malakas and Maganda, explain creation
• Myths explain practices and natural phenomena, offer ethical guidance, and sustain cultural identity

Survey of Literature of Selected Countries

• Philippine literature in English has distinct periods, including apprenticeship
• Jose Garcia Villa's style involves specific characteristics such as reversed consonance and unusual sentence structures.
• Philippine literature in English displays evolution in style and theme
• Folk narratives and myths served as explanations of the world
• Literary periods and characteristics are examined within particular countries -Philippine & other countries

Science and Technology

• A nucleotide of DNA may contain deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.
• Inductive reasoning is exemplified when observations about houseplants exposed to music lead to a determination that music helps them grow.
• Natural selection is a process where species adapt to a changing environment which favors survival.
• A personal service robot is used for non-commercial tasks, usually by laypersons.
• The compass, developed in China, uses a magnetized needle on a floating straw for reliable navigation
• According to the majority in middle and high-income countries, overconsumption of resources puts the planet and society at risk.
• Planetary motion follows elliptical orbits with the sun at the center.
• Stoicism says happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.
• Responsible action is executed when students join environmental activities.
• Permanent settlers existed during the Neolithic period of the Stone Age.
• Information Technology has led to computerization of business processes and increased productivity that gave more profits, better pay and working conditions
• Enhanced critical and creative thinking skill are demonstrated by students when they conduct an experiment and research on the coliform content and its effects to the residents nearby the shores of Boracay.
• Scientific method is seeking knowledge that involves forming and testing a hypothesis.
• Humans flourish in the innovation of technology to satisfy them while good life finds happiness that best completes their life like love of friends and family.
• Biophilia is when students see and appreciate the beauty and functions of butterflies.
• Alternative energy sources differ from renewable energy sources as non-fossil fuel-based energy source.
• Human action is influenced by irrational motivations and biological and indistinct drives that reinforce the idea those human beings have no real capacity to make decisions and regulate events in life and this concept is called Psychology.
• Mechanical weathering of rocks isn't a source of carbon dioxide emissions.
• Tolerance and understanding can foster debates.
• DNA double helix does not have uracil
• DNA replication is an Anabolic process
• Filipinnovation was the term used during the Arroyo administration when the Philippines serves as the innovation hub in Asia.
• Localization is not an advantage of Information technology
• Participation in activities that help resolve environmental challenges is a component of environmental education that students develop when they participate in the activity called “Love Affair with Nature”.
• Greenhouse emissions need to be reduced through global advocacy to protect the ecological environment with the Kyoto Protocol,.
• GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism
• Golden rice is modified for fortification.
• Reuse is being applied when Janus decided to use his old toothbrush in cleaning the jalousy of his window instead of throwing it away to the trash
• Tycho Brahe believes that the Sun and Moon revolves around Earth and other planets.
• Pres. Ferdinand Marcos declared that the “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in National Development”.
• Charles Darwin provided the foundation of modern evolutionary theory.
• Erick Drexler wrote the Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation.
• Introduction of invasive species and habitat degradation that alters the ecological relationship of organisms to organisms and/or environment is how alteration in ecosystem composition become a threat to biodiversitys
• Astronomy is the field of science that the Copernican Revolution greatly contribute in terms of scientific knowledge.
• The formal learning of science started in the American period
• Gene Therapy is a technique that uses a gene(s) to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical disorder by adding new copies of a gene that is broken or replacing a defective or missing gene with a healthy version of that gene
• Environmentalism evokes the necessity and responsibility of humans to respect, protect and preserve the natural world from abusive or wrong use of humans.
• Generosity is by repeatedly being unselfish that one develops the virtue
• Eudaimonia is the highest good of human attempt to achieve his/her goal.
• Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
• LJ decided not to steal because of her Superego's morals and judgments about right and wrong
• Manila Observatory was founded by Jesuits to promote meteorological and seismological studies and later become the premiere weather forecasting station in Southeast Asia in the early 20th century.
• Humanism says that the world is a place for discovery in seeking ways on how to improve the lives of its inhabitants.
• Nation-building means all of these are true: creating peaceful society, building society's economy to meet basic needs, developing human rights under the rule of law.
• Republic Act No. 9512 declared the month of November as National Environmental Awareness Month.
• Scientific inquiry begins with A problem to solve or a question to answer.
• Needing to look good is not “Id"
• Autonomy is the ability of the robot to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing without human intervention.
• Increased glacial formation is NOT global warming.
• Conservation of energy is not a cause of the Energy Crisis.
• Added hydrogen reserve is not a reason why biofuel is most desirable as alternative sources of energy
• An analysis of information typically relies on the observation and checking of facts is NOT true about technology
• Peer review helps to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.
• The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God
• Biological diversity is the variety of life forms present in the ecosystem
• Gas is not believed by Empedocles to be the composition of matter surrounding the earth.
• Genetic diversity gives variation within a population that are usually passed down from parents to offspring.
• Hedonism claims that comfort, pleasure, and wealth are the only highest goals.
• Sumerian civilization developed the first handwriting system known as Cuneiform.
• Gene Therapy involves altering of genes inside our body’s cells in an effort to treat or stop disease.
• Great Wall of China is the only man-made structure that is visible from space.
• STMP was initiated during the term of President Ramos
• Climate Change - This refers to the change in global or regional patterns attributed largely to the increased level of atmospheric level of carbon dioxide
• Eudaimonia refers to the pinnacle of happiness according to Aristotle?
• Nanoscience is the scientific study of materials of nanometer size.
• Nanotechnology refers to various techniques to produce materials of extra high precision and dimensions on the scale of one-billionth of a meter.
• Humanism affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape their own lives.
• Biofuels create a number of direct benefits in terms of emissions and efficiency, and also boosting the economy by creating jobs in plant creation and operation where it creates a number of direct benefits in terms of alternative energy
• Genetic engineering is the tech that refers to the alterations of an organism’s genes to produce desired traits.
• Science can be traced through Classical antiquity such as through first speculation of the atom and non- supernatural explanations of natural phenomenon.
• Positivity best describes flourishing in terms of people’s experience
• Population Ecology can be advanced as a response to the threat on the environment by humans
• Western civilization focuses on individual and eastern civilization on community is the difference between human flourishing in the Eastern and Western civilization.
• Erythromycin is the invention of Abelardo Aguilar.
• National Science and Technology Authority is the old name of the Department of Science and Technology.
• Economic advancements is the role of technology in countries that can produce local industries goods for domestic needs
• Law of Universal Gravitation is a scientific idea that is credited to Isaac Newton
• Attitude of concern for the environment is when Rico stopped her mother from burning the wastes.
• The Latin for ‘knowledge’ is where the word science originally come from
• Greek words ‘techne’ and ‘logos’ is where the word technology come from
• Bacteria is not considered as a nanoscale molecule
• Robots taking over the factory and automated jobs is not an advantage brought about by technology
• Solar power is both an alternative and renewable energy source
• Decrease in population is not a cause of the energy crisis
• Participation in activities that lead to profit and economic gains is not a component of environmental education
• Right to secrecy and personhood is not an ethical dilemma faced in robotics.
• Nuclear power is not an example of a renewable energy resource
• Collaboration and diversity balance possible immigrants is not important for diversity and collaboration in the scientific community towards human flourishing.
• Marcos Era and Martial Law periods established the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
• Everything is connected to everything else isprinciple of environment that describes affecting functions and existence of others and of the whole ecosystem.
• Listing and disseminating information will you eliminate from the basic steps for accumulation of science-based knowledge and search for solutions using the scientific method
• Charles Babbage is the Father of the Modern Computer?
• Martin Cooper made the world’s first mobile phone.
• Joseph Estrada was the president of the Philippines during the time that the Science and Technology Master Plan was crafted and aiming the country to be a Newly Industrialized Country
• Ramos's presidency enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
• To conserve soil nutrients farmers plant different crops in successive planting seasons