English for Specific Purposes and Remedial Instruction

ESP applies content-based principles to develop language proficiency for specific disciplines
ESP is discipline-specific, goal-oriented, and time-bound
Hutchinson and Waters view ESP as an approach, emphasizing language use, rather than a product
Domain relates to language variation based on subject matter and function
Functional/task-based syllabi include topics like making arrangements, participating in interviews, and buying/selling
ESP products can include annual, financial, and laboratory reports, and thesis abstracts
Register analysis examines frequent and necessary terms specific to a discipline
Effective ESP classes focus on language needs, authentic materials, and relevant communication skills

Remedial instruction aims to help students cope with demands at their current level
Remedial students often have abilities significantly below their current grade level
Individualized Education Programs (IEP) help students overcome learning difficulties and develop potential
Remedial reading programs need to diagnose problems like phoneme isolation, syllable segmentation, and graphophonic correspondence
Instructional materials for remedial instruction should align with skills being developed and cater to diverse learning styles
Remedial instruction is not the same as special education, but can include students with special needs needing support
Multisensory approaches, like visual aids and hands-on activities, are recommended
Effective remedial programs involve multisensory activities and parental involvement
Diagnostic assessments are vital first steps in remedial instruction.
Teaching pronunciation uses techniques like minimal pair drills and sound discrimination exercises
Remedial teaching involves adapting instruction to meet diverse learner needs
Key considerations include learning styles, prior knowledge, and overall background
Remedial syllabi should be based on an analysis of learner errors to address specific needs
Pull-in remediation is suitable for learners needing minimal support in a group setting
Pull-out remediation is best for students requiring intensive individualized support

Experimental research controls variables to explore their influence
Longitudinal research tracks phenomena over time
Socio-cultural theory emphasizes interaction for language development
Intervention-based action research follows a cycle of plan, act, observe, and reflect
Quantitative research methods include ANOVA
Educational research typically follows these steps: problem identification, literature review, data collection, analysis, and conclusion
Non-probability sampling methods include judgmental, chain, and non-proportional stratified sampling
Reliable tests are valid, but valid tests are not always reliable
Effective language teaching includes communicative activities like role-playing
Qualitative research utilizes non-interactive strategies like field notes
Ethnographic studies observe cultural contexts in depth
Mixed-methods research combines quantitative and qualitative techniques
Surveys, interviews, and observations are common data-gathering methods
Action research is practical research addressing immediate needs

Flood myths often follow a pattern: cause, signs, size, and survivors.
Hera is represented by the peacock
Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian hero
The Children of Lir are turned into swans, then rescued
Athena exposed Arachne's deception in a weaving competition
Thor is a Scandinavian thunder god.
The Phoenix is an Egyptian fire bird
The Trojan Horse symbolizes deceit.
Jason and the Argonauts searched for the Golden Fleece
Anthropomorphism is giving human traits to nonhuman entities
Philippine myths, such as Malakas and Maganda, explain creation
Myths explain practices and natural phenomena, offer ethical guidance, and sustain cultural identity

Philippine literature in English has distinct periods, including apprenticeship
Jose Garcia Villa's style involves specific characteristics such as reversed consonance and unusual sentence structures
Philippine literature in English displays evolution in style and theme
Folk narratives and myths served as explanations of the world
Literary periods and characteristics are examined within particular countries -Philippine & other countries