English for Academic Writing

Study Notes

Essential for academic outputs: essays, formal compositions, reaction papers, position papers, concept papers, and theses
Characteristics:
- Complexity: Grammar clear, accurate, concise; avoid long sentences
- Formality: Use appropriate vocabulary; avoid colloquial expressions
- Objectivity: Avoid personal biases; do not use first- or second-person pronouns
- Explicitness: Ensure clarity and transparency in relationships between ideas; clearly state sources
- Hedging: Use cautious language to express certainty levels
- Planning: Map out writing carefully, focusing on depth, word choice, and coherence

Definition: A unit of sentences that develops a particular idea
Parts:
- Topic Sentence: Contains the main idea; may need a hook or background information
- Supporting Details: Develop main idea with logical arguments, evidence, and examples
- Conclusion: Recap the main idea, leaving a lasting impression
Types:
- Expository: Explains information
- Narrative: Chronicles events
- Descriptive: Uses sensory details
- Argumentative/Persuasive: Defends a position with reasoning and evidence
- Cause and Effect: Explains why something happened
- Comparative: Examines similarities and differences

Definition: A concise proposal outlining a research topic
Choosing a Topic:
- List areas of curiosity; narrow down to specific questions
- Formulate hypotheses (null hypothesis if applicable)
- Identify evidence needed and methodology
Writing: Aim for a concise one- or two-page document explaining research proposal

Skimming: Quickly read to find the gist; focus on keywords and the structure of the text
Scanning: Search for specific information based on pre-set questions
Intensive Reading: Focused reading for comprehension
Extensive Reading: Reading for enjoyment

Paraphrasing: Restate another author’s ideas in your own words while maintaining meaning
Writing an Abstract: A summary of a longer work; includes background, problem, methods, findings, and conclusions

Purpose: Formulate analysis and reactions to materials, compare texts, and relate them to broader issues
Key Components:
- Summary: Present a summary of the material.
- Analysis: Dive into different aspects of the text.
- Synthesis: Discuss how texts relate to each other and to their larger context.

Definition: Argues a specific stance on an issue
Key Features:
- Clear Claim: Explicitly state your position
- Well-Supported: Use logical reasoning and evidence
- Relate to Other Positions: Cite similar viewpoints
Structure:
- Introduction: Identify the issue and state your position
- Body: Support your claim and address counterarguments
- Conclusion: Recap your position and suggest actions

Content Preparation: Summarize or paraphrase your paper; use bullet points
Slide Design:
- Contrast: Use different font sizes for emphasis
- Alignment: Ensure slides are visually cohesive
- Repetition: Maintain consistency in visual elements
- Proximity: Avoid overcrowding; use more slides if needed.
Delivery: Focus on oral communication skills, use pauses effectively, and engage the audience with nonverbal cues.