Engineering Management Fundamentals

Engineering Management

• Management is both an art and a science.
• Engineering is both an art and a science.
• Engineers can become good managers through experience, training, and effective career planning.

Management Functions

• Planning: anticipating problems, analyzing them, and determining actions to achieve desired outcomes.
• Organizing: establishing interrelationships between people and things to achieve company goals.
• Staffing: selecting and training personnel.
• Directing: encouraging others to follow a set example.
• Controlling: checking for deviations and taking corrective action.

Project Management

• Project management involves planning, organizing, and controlling operations to achieve objectives efficiently and effectively.
• Project life cycle models: Waterfall, Incremental release, Prototype, and Morris models.
• Project integration management: project plan development, execution, and integrated change control.

Leadership and Management

• Leadership: influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically towards achieving objectives.
• Authority: line, staff, and functional authority.
• Decision-making: rational, analytical, and intuitive techniques.

Organization Structure

• Functional organization: based on the assumption that each unit should specialize in a specific functional area.
• Matrix organization: combines functional and projectized structures.
• Projectized organization: each project is assigned to a single organizational unit.
• Product organization: structure is based on the product or service being offered.

Human Resource Management

• Physiological needs: food, drinks, and rest.
• Security needs: job security and stability.
• Esteem needs: recognition and respect.
• Self-actualization needs: personal growth and development.

Quantitative Techniques

• Queuing theory: determines the number of service units to minimize customer waiting time and cost.
• Decision theory: a rational way to conceptualize, analyze, and solve problems.
• Sampling theory: a statistical technique to determine the number of samples needed to represent a population.
• Simulation: a technique to analyze complex systems and predict outcomes.

Network Models

• Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT): uses three time estimates for each activity.
• Critical Path Method (CPM): uses a single time factor per activity.
• CPM was developed by Rand and Walker in 1957.
• PERT was developed in 1958.

Risk Management

• Risk management: identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks, and implementing strategies to mitigate or manage them.
• Risk absorption: accepting the risk and its consequences.
• Risk reduction: taking steps to minimize the probability of an event.
• Risk sharing: transferring risk to another party.

Miscellaneous

• Management Information System (MIS): provides past, present, and projected information for decision-making.
• Corporate mission: a strategic statement that identifies an organization's purpose and philosophy.
• Departmentalization: grouping related jobs, activities, or processes into major organizational subunits.
• Span of control: the number of subordinates a manager can supervise effectively.### Management Tools and Functions
• SMEAC is a mnemonic management tool used in planning, where:
  • S stands for Situation
  • M stands for Mission
  • E stands for Execution
  • A stands for Administration
  • C stands for Coordination
• In SMEAC, the manager asks questions such as:
  • What do we need to get it done? (Administration)
  • What are we aiming to do? (Mission)
  • How are we going to do it? (Execution)
  • What is the operation environment? (Situation)

Project Management

• The first step in project management is to identify a need for a product or service
• The next step is to define the goals of the project and their relative importance
• The last step is to evaluate project success
• Laws of project management, such as "A careless planned project will take twice longer to complete than expected"

Organization and Management

• Organization chart is a diagram of the organization's official positions and formal lines of authority
• Decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action
• The steps in decision-making are:
  • Diagnose problem
  • Analyze environment
  • Articulate problem or opportunity
  • Make a choice
  • Evaluate and adapt decision results
• Qualitative evaluation refers to evaluation of alternatives using intuition and subjective judgment
• Quantitative evaluation refers to evaluation of alternatives using rational and analytical techniques

Planning

• Strategic planning refers to the process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals
• Intermediate planning refers to the process of determining the contributions that subunits can make with allocated resources
• Operational planning refers to the process of determining how specific tasks can best be accomplished on time with available resources
• Short-range plans are plans intended to cover a period of less than one year
• Long-range plans are plans covering a time span of more than one year
• Standing plans are plans that are used again and again and focus on managerial situations that recur repeatedly
• Single-use plans are plans that are specifically developed to implement courses of action that are relatively unique and are unlikely to be repeated

Organization Structure

• Functional organization is a form of departmentalization in which everyone engaged in one functional activity is grouped into one unit
• Product or market organization is a type of organization that brings together all those involved with a certain type of product or customer
• Matrix organization is a type of organization in which each employee reports to multiple managers

Management Functions

• Organizing refers to the structuring of resources and activities to accomplish objectives in an efficient and effective manner
• Staffing refers to the management function that determines human resource needs, recruits, selects, trains, and develops human resources for jobs created by an organization
• Leading refers to the process of influencing others to engage in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals
• Controlling refers to the process of ascertaining whether organizational objectives have been achieved and determining what activities should then be taken to achieve objectives better in the future

Human Resource Management

• Forecasting refers to the estimation of future human resource needs
• Programming refers to the translation of the forecasted human resource needs to personnel objectives and goals
• Evaluation and control refers to the monitoring of human resource action plans and evaluating their success
• Recruitment refers to the process of attracting qualified persons to apply for vacant positions in the company
• Selection refers to the act of choosing from those that are available the individuals most likely to succeed on the job
• Training and development refers to the learning that is provided to improve performance on the present job
• Induction and orientation refers to the process of providing new employees with the necessary information about the company and introducing them to the immediate working environment and coworkers

Motivation and Leadership

• Motivation refers to the process of activating behavior, sustaining it, and directing it toward a particular goal
• Theories of motivation include:
  • Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory
  • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
  • Expectancy Theory
• Leadership refers to the process of influencing others to engage in the work behaviors necessary to reach organizational goals
• Types of power include:
  • Legitimate power
  • Reward power
  • Coercive power
  • Referent powerHere are the study notes for the text:

Evaluation Management

• Product Design: creating product specifications suitable for a situation
• Product Planning: forecasting product sales, arranging production facilities, and procurement
• Conceptualizing: unsure of definition
• Plotting: developing production schedules
• Inventory Control: maintaining reserve stocks of goods
• Work-Flow Layout: determining the physical arrangement of the production system
• Quality Control: measuring products/services against company standards
• Marketing: facilitating and expediting the selling of goods and services
• The four Ps of marketing: Product, Price, Promotion, and Place

Engineering Materials

• Building blocks of engineering materials: Atoms
• Major classes of engineering materials: Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors
• Ferromagnetic materials: materials that behave like iron in a magnetic field
• Metal Matrix composites: metals reinforced by ceramics or other materials in fiber form
• Polymers: long chains of molecules (e.g. plastics)
• Composites: combinations of two or more materials with unique properties
• Periodic Table: a reference sheet for the elements that form engineering materials

Physical Properties of Materials

• Melting point: the temperature at which a material liquefies or solidifies
• Curie point: the temperature above which a ferromagnetic material cannot be magnetized
• Thermal conductivity: the rate of heat flow through a material
• Specific heat: the amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree
• Dielectric strength: the highest potential difference that an insulating material can withstand without breaking down

Mechanical Properties of Materials

• Yield strength: the nominal stress at fracture in a tension test
• Creep strength: the stress at which a material exhibits time-dependent permanent strain
• Impact strength: the amount of energy required to fracture a material
• Hardness: the resistance to plastic deformation
• Elongation: the amount of permanent strain in a material

Polymers and Ceramics

• Polymers: long chains of molecules (e.g. plastics)
• Ceramics: inorganic, non-metallic materials (e.g. pottery, glass)
• Composition of wood: cellulose molecules bonded together by lignin
• Polymerization: the process of forming a polymer chain
• Thermoforming: shaping a polymer sheet into a three-dimensional shape
• Extrusion: shaping a molten polymer into a continuous shape

Metals and Alloys

• Steel: an alloy of iron and carbon
• Types of steel: carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel
• Galvanized steel: steel coated with zinc
• Stainless steel: steel alloy with at least 10% chromium
• Heat treatment of steel: processes to alter the microstructure of steel
• Quench hardening: rapid cooling to harden steel

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