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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of hydrology in engineering?
Which component is NOT part of the hydrological processes?
In the water balance equation, what does 'ET' represent?
If the precipitation (P) is 3.3 cm for a month, and storage (ΔS) increases by 1.97 ha-m, what does this indicate?
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Which of the following is a mathematical representation of the water balance?
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What does the term 'catchment' refer to in hydrology?
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Why is hydrology important in managing drought conditions?
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How can engineering hydrology contribute to navigation?
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What is the simplest method for measuring precipitation?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for selecting a site for a rain gauge station?
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What do non-recording rain gauges do?
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Middle latitudes experience __________ precipitation compared to desert regions.
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What is expressed in terms of the vertical depth of water in precipitation measurement?
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What was the average inflow into the lake in m³/s?
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What is the total volume of water lost due to evaporation in cm during the month?
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What was the catchment area that received 1.3 m of precipitation in km²?
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Calculate the ratio of runoff to precipitation for the small catchment that received 10.5 cm of rainfall.
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How long did the runoff last for the small catchment after the storm?
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What was the average discharge measured in m³/s from the stream draining the catchment?
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What is the combined total inflow of water to the lake, taking into account rainfall and surface runoff?
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What is the outflow from the lake during the same period in m³/s?
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What is the average flow rate in m³/s for the last 3 months of the catchment?
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What is an effect of afforestation on the runoff coefficient as described?
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What type of precipitation is characterized by the upward movement of warmer air?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT necessary for the occurrence of precipitation?
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What is the median size of drops during heavy rain?
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What is the typical size range of raindrops that fall to the ground?
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Which type of precipitation has the highest drop density per square foot?
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Which type of precipitation falls at a median size of 0.01 inches?
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Which process leads to the cooling and condensation of moist air, resulting in precipitation?
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Which category of precipitation has the lowest velocity of fall?
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What results from the lifting of air converging into a low-pressure area?
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What is the primary cause of thunderstorms according to the content provided?
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Excessive rain has what median size of drops?
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Which type of precipitation is characterized by a speed of fall of 25.9 feet/second?
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What is the average yearly precipitation distributed over the Earth?
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What type of precipitation has a drop density of 6,264,000 per square meter?
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Study Notes
Engineering Hydrology
- Hydrology finds out maximum probable flood at proposed sites.
- Hydrology helps determine the water production variation from catchments.
- It shows the relationship between a catchment’s surface water and groundwater resources.
- It helps find out the required reservoir capacity to assure enough water for irrigation or municipal water supply in droughts.
Hydrological Processes
- Precipitation is water vapor precipitating from the atmosphere as rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
- Evaporation is liquid water changing to water vapor.
- Transpiration is water vapor released from plants.
- Infiltration is water permeating the soil.
- Surface Runoff is water flowing over the land surface.
- Groundwater outflow is water flowing from groundwater to surface water.
Hydrological Equations
- The Law of Water Balance states inflows equal outflows plus the change in storage during a given time.
- The general water balance equation is P = R + ET + ΔS
- P is precipitation (total rainfall, snowfall, etc.)
- R is streamflow (water flowing in streams, rivers, etc.)
- ET is evapotranspiration (combined evaporation and transpiration)
- ΔS is the change in storage (water stored in the system like lakes or reservoirs).
Types of Precipitation
- Convective precipitation occurs when warm air rises and cools, leading to showers.
- Orographic precipitation results from moist air rising as it meets a mountain barrier.
- Cyclonic precipitation happens as air converges into a low-pressure area (cyclone).
Measuring Precipitation
- Precipitation is measured in the vertical depth of water that would accumulate on a level surface.
- Non-recording rain gauges collect rainfall but do not record the timing or intensity.
- Recording rain gauges continuously monitor and record rainfall data.
Global Water Budgets
- The average yearly precipitation on Earth is about 100 cm (39 inches) but is unequally distributed.
- The highest rainfall areas are in the equatorial zone and monsoon areas of Southeast Asia.
- Middle latitudes receive moderate precipitation, while deserts and polar regions receive minimal amounts.
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Description
Test your knowledge of engineering hydrology, including hydrological processes and equations. This quiz covers key concepts such as precipitation, evaporation, and the law of water balance. Perfect for students looking to understand water resource management!
