Engineering Design Lecture 9: Sustainability
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Questions and Answers

What is the indicative carbon budget per person for the year 2050?

  • 2 tons CO2 eq. (correct)
  • 1 ton CO2 eq.
  • 4 tons CO2 eq.
  • 12 tons CO2 eq.

    • Switzerland's average carbon emissions are higher than the global average.

    True (A)

    What is ETH's goal regarding carbon emissions by 2030?

    Net Zero

    A round-trip flight from Zurich to NYC generates approximately ______ tons of CO2 equivalent.

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many days of vegetarian meals are equivalent to 220 days of meat-based meals in terms of carbon emissions?

    <p>430 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following travel methods with their estimated carbon emissions:

    <p>12,000 km flight = 12 tons CO2 eq. IC engine car = 12,000 km Electric car = 43,000 km Vegetarian meals = 220 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To meet its carbon budget, each person in the world must reduce their emissions to 4 tons CO2 eq. per year.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy does ETH promote to achieve its carbon neutrality goal?

    <p>Avoid, reduce and compensate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of Design for Environment (DFE)?

    <p>To minimize or eliminate environmental impacts of a product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Design for Environment (DFE) includes an emphasis on social-ecological aspects.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the four simple DFE rules.

    <p>Design products and processes with industrial materials that can be recycled continually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Design for Environment (DFE) expands beyond the traditional product and manufacturer’s focus on production and __________ of its products.

    <p>distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following DFE rules to their descriptions:

    <p>Rule 1 = Design with industrial materials that can be recycled continually Rule 2 = Design with natural materials that can be returned to the earth Rule 3 = Design without producing toxic materials Rule 4 = Design using renewable energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary design feature of the Tripp Trapp chair?

    <p>It grows with the child. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kyburz PLUS II uses solely new parts for each vehicle.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials does Freitag repurpose for their bags and accessories?

    <p>Truck inner tubes, tarps, and seat belts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of __________ focuses on reusing parts and prolonging the lifespan of products.

    <p>Circular Economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of sustainability with their descriptions:

    <p>Repurpose = Transform waste into new products Refurbish = Restore products to like-new condition Remanufacture = Rebuild products using existing components Recycle = Convert materials into reusable resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a multi-life concept for batteries?

    <p>Batteries repurposed for different applications over their lifetime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kyburz PLUS II model is designed to use parts solely from first-life vehicles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The website for Freitag is __________.

    <p><a href="http://www.freitag.ch">www.freitag.ch</a></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure for assessing the environmental impact of a product?

    <p>Sustainability index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Energy required for 1 kg of a material is measured in Joules/kg.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three factors presented to consider when assessing the sustainability of materials?

    <p>Recyclability, Biodegradability, CO2 footprint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The CO2 footprint is measured in ________ per kg of material.

    <p>kg CO2e</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life-cycle phase involves the energy required to manufacture materials?

    <p>Manufacture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of impacts with their measurements:

    <p>Mass = kg Energy = Joules/kg CO2 Emission = kg CO2e/kg Water Usage = liters/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A PET bottle typically weighs ______ grams.

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The scenario mentions that the PET bottles are transported a distance of 550 km.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the recommended DFE guidelines for materials?

    <p>Enable easy disassembly into separate material recycling streams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The embodied energy of aluminium is lower than that of steel.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage reduction in weight is achieved when substituting a steel bumper with an aluminium bumper?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the guidelines for materials is to use __________ materials which can be returned to biological decay cycles.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with their characteristics:

    <p>Steel = Higher embodied energy Aluminium = Lighter than steel CFRP = Advanced composite material Recycled materials = Reduces waste in production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of DFE guidelines?

    <p>To minimize environmental impact during the product lifecycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eliminating packaging is considered a valid DFE guideline.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one process that should be avoided according to material guidelines.

    <p>Releasing toxic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are Grand Challenges addressed in the practice-oriented course?

    <p>Future mobility (A), Health (B), Sustainable materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Ski Design Process includes six phases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase in the Ski Design Process?

    <p>Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The engineered sandwich structure of skis includes a wood ______ between fiber composites and base.

    <p>core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each phase of the Ski Design Process with its primary activity:

    <p>Phase 0: Planning = Design Requirements Phase 1: Concept Development = Concept Generation Phase 2: Detail Design = Design in CAD Phase 3: Testing &amp; Refinement = 1st Prototype Phase 4: Production Ramp-Up = Fabrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which project is associated with low-cost ventilation?

    <p>Low-cost ventilators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parametric modeling is used in the Detail Design phase of the Ski Design Process.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the engineering projects related to sustainable materials in the course?

    <p>Sustainable skis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    2050 Carbon Budget

    Indicative carbon budget for 2050, aiming for 2 tons of CO2 equivalent per person per year.

    Average Carbon Emissions

    Worldwide average of carbon emissions, currently approximately 4 tons of CO2 equivalent per person per year.

    Swiss Carbon Emissions

    Switzerland has higher average carbon emissions, around 12 tons of CO2 equivalent per person per year.

    ETH 2030 Goal

    The ETH's (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) goal for 2030 is to achieve net zero emissions.

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    Flight Carbon Footprint

    A 12,000-km round-trip flight has a significant carbon footprint.

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    Car Carbon Footprint

    A 12,000 km trip by a traditional car has a significantly greater carbon footprint compared to an electric car.

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    Meat-Based Diet Carbon Footprint

    A diet based on meat-based meals has a large carbon footprint, especially relative to a vegetarian diet.

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    Vegetarian Diet Carbon Footprint

    A vegetarian diet has a lower carbon footprint than a meat-based diet.

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    Circular Economy

    A system that aims to design out waste and pollution, keep products and materials in use, and regenerate natural systems.

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    Rethink (R1)

    Analyzing a product's design to improve sustainability throughout its lifecycle.

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    Repurpose (R7)

    Giving a product new use by modifying it or using it in a different way.

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    Recycle (R8)

    Processing discarded materials into reusable forms.

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    Refurbish (R5)

    Renovating a product to restore its original function.

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    Remanufacture (R6)

    Recreating end-of-life products to a new or improved condition.

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    Modular Design

    Designing products with interchangeable parts to promote reuse and reduce waste

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    Multi-life concept

    Designing products to have multiple uses over their lifetime.

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    Design for Environment (DFE)

    A method to reduce the environmental impact of products throughout their entire life cycle, while maintaining quality and cost.

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    DFE Rule 1

    Design products with industrial materials that can be endlessly recycled without losing quality to make new materials.

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    DFE Rule 2

    Design with natural materials that can re-enter natural cycles to make new natural materials.

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    DFE Rule 3

    Avoid creating unnatural, toxic materials that cannot be processed by either natural or industrial cycles.

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    DFE Rule 4

    Design using clean, renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels for products and processes.

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    Embodied energy

    Energy required to produce one kilogram of a material from its source.

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    CO2 footprint (kg CO2e/kg)

    Total amount of greenhouse gases (measured in CO2 equivalents) released during the production of one kilogram of a material.

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    Life-cycle phases

    Different stages of a product's life, including material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, use, and disposal.

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    Environmental Impact Assessment

    Measuring the impact of a product on the environment during its entire life cycle.

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    LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)

    A method to evaluate the environmental impact of a product throughout its entire life cycle.

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    Granta EduPack Eco-Audit

    Software used to assist in life cycle assessment (LCA).

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    Recyclability

    The ability of a material to be recycled into new products.

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    Biodegradability

    The ability of a material to decompose naturally.

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    DFE Goals

    Goals for designing for the environment (DFE) – consider recyclability of materials and process use.

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    DFE Guidelines

    Specific rules for designing products to be better for the environment.

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    Material Guidelines

    Guidelines for the type and usage of materials in design.

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    Recycled industrial materials

    Materials sourced from industrial processes that can be recycled.

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    Reduce Weight Substitution

    Replacing heavy materials with lighter ones to reduce transportation's environmental impact.

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    Embodied energy (materials)

    Energy used to produce and process material during the lifetime of the product.

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    Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)

    A material with a high strength-to-weight ratio often used in manufacturing.

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    Net savings (materials)

    The overall cost savings from an environmentally friendly material considering the energy used in its production.

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    MAVT Grand Challenges

    Major global issues that engineering and technology aim to address, including health, future mobility, and sustainable materials.

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    Low-cost Ventilators

    Affordable breathing devices designed for patients with respiratory problems, often developed in response to emergencies like pandemics.

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    Electric Vehicles (EVs)

    Cars powered by electricity, offering sustainable transportation with lower emissions compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles.

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    Sustainable Materials

    Materials that minimize environmental impact throughout their lifecycle, from sourcing to production and disposal, promoting a green future.

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    Ski Design Process

    A systematic approach to creating skis, involving multiple phases from planning to production and testing.

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    Phase 1: Concept Development

    The initial stage of ski design where different ideas are explored and evaluated to find the best concept for the intended use.

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    Phase 2: System-Level Design

    A detailed planning phase where the overall structure and key components of the ski are designed and optimized.

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    Phase 3: Detail Design

    The final design stage where precise dimensions and specifications are determined for each part of the ski, allowing for construction.

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    Study Notes

    Engineering Design and Material Selection Lecture 9 - Sustainability

    • The lecture covered sustainability in engineering design
    • Learning objectives included importance of sustainable development and design for the environment in engineering design
    • Learning about interlinked product and biological lifecycles
    • Understanding Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carrying out assessments for CO2 footprint and embodied energy
    • Learning a process, guidelines, and rules for Design for Environment

    Course Schedule

    • The course schedule included topics for each week, case studies, quizzes, and lecturers.
    • Week 9 focused on sustainability in engineering design

    Environmental Impacts

    • Environmental impacts that are considered include:
      • Global Warming
      • Resource Depletion
      • Solid Waste
      • Water Pollution
      • Air Pollution
      • Land Degradation

    Global Warming

    • Earth's temperature is increasing due to additional greenhouse gases generated through human activities.
    • The increased radiation resulting from additional greenhouse gases raises the Earth's temperature.
    • Global warming must be limited to +1.5°C compared to pre-industrial times

    Indicative Carbon Budget for 2050

    • The indicative carbon budget for 2050 is 2 tons of CO2 equivalent per year per person.
    • Switzerland's average carbon emissions are 12 tons of CO2 equivalent per year per person.
    • The global average carbon emissions are 4 tons of CO2 equivalent per person per year.
    • The goal for ETH is to reach net zero by 2030.

    Doughnut Economics

    • Societal well-being is also important in sustaining development.
    • The centre of the doughnut represents the shortfall for people, where no individual should be.
    • The outside of the doughnut represents the environment's overshoot.

    Definition of Sustainable Development

    • Sustainable development meets the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
    • This concept was brought forward by the UN Commission on Environment and Development in 1983.

    Conditions for Sustainability

    • Earth should be considered a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio-cycles.
    • Resources must be used in balance with the rate at which the earth creates these resources, including fossil fuels.
    • Toxic wastes, heavy metals, heavy metals, radiation and other molecular garbage, must be eliminated. These materials aren't part of the bio-cycle.

    Product Life Cycle

    • A cycle showing the stages of a product's life from raw materials to use to the end of life

    Circular Economy

    • Systems solution framework that aims to tackle challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, etc.
    • Aimed at regenerative material and energy consumption

    Manufacturing and Circularity

    • The difference between primary and secondary manufacturing processes.
    • Includes phases such as Sourcing, Preparation, Feedstock creation, Forming, Finishing, Assembling, Disassembling, Reusing, Repairing.

    Circular Economy - 9R Framework

    • Strategies that can be implemented for a circular economy
      • RO Refuse
      • R1 Rethink
      • R2 Reduce
      • R3 Reuse
      • R4 Repair
      • R5 Refurbish
      • R6 Remanufacture
      • R7 Repurpose
      • R8 Recycle
      • R9 Recover

    Stokke Tripp Trapp Chair

    • An award-winning chair that can grow with the child, increasing its lifetime

    Sustainability Aspects of the Kyburz PLUS II

    • Maximum part reuse between different models for modular design
    • Re用 of the first-life parts to manufacture second-life vehicles
    • Multi-life concept for batteries, and recycling-driven battery design

    Freitag Bags

    • Truck tarps, inner tubes, and seat belts are repurposed into bags and accessories.

    Dunlop Recycled Wellington Boots

    • Made from polyurethane, PVC, and rubber.
    • Dunlop takes back used wellingtons for reuse and remanufacturing into new boots
    • This reduces the production of new PVC

    Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

    • Quantifies the environmental impact over a product's entire life cycle.
    • Steps of an LCA include setting goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation and limitations.

    Software to Assist LCA (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)

    • Measuring the environmental impact of a product through different parameters like mass, embodied energy (Joules/kg) and CO2 (kg/kg)

    Sustainability Properties (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)

    • Factors to consider during material selection include recyclability, biodegradability, CO2 footprint, water usage, and energy consumption

    Assessments: CO2 and Energy (Granta EduPack)

    • CO2 footprint in kg CO2e/kg (CO2-equivalent mass)
    • Greenhouse gas emission for 1 kg material
    • Energy required for 1 kg of material

    Example: PET Bottle

    • Scenario describes the process of manufacturing and transporting a 1-liter PET bottle.
    • It involves molding, filling, transportation, refrigeration, and final recycling.

    Approximate Values for the Energy Use in Each Phase

    • Data reveals that certain products (like aircraft) have a much higher environmental impact during the use phase, whereas others (e.g., carpets) have a significantly higher environmental impact from their material.

    Which "Eco Audit" (CO2) corresponds to the electric car?

    • Different assessment methods provide different insights on CO2 emissions in various phases

    Design for Environment (DFE)

    • Minimize and/or eliminate environmental issues in a product's lifecycle
    • DFE practice maintains and/or improves product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts
    • This approach integrates ecological and social aspects with aspects like form, function and cost.
    • The scope of DFE extends beyond production and distribution.

    Four Simple DFE Rules

    • Designing products and processes using industrial materials, natural materials, ensuring products don't create unnatural/toxic material that present difficult processing issues, and by using renewable energy sources.

    DFE in the Engineering Design Process

    • Outline of the steps involved, including planning, concept development, system-level design, detail design, and testing/refinement, as well as production ramp-up

    DFE and Material Guidelines

    • Guidelines on material selection to include recycling, labeling, disassembly processes, and avoiding incompatible materials.

    Reduce Weight – Substitution of Materials in an Automobile Bumper

    • Case study exploring the use of aluminum in car bumpers
    • Comparing embodied energy and weight reduction

    Practice-Oriented Course Addressing MAVT Grand Challenges

    • Multidisciplinary courses on health, future mobility, and sustainable materials.
    • Practicals using case studies such as ventilators, electric vehicles, or sustainable skis

    Case Study: Ski Design

    • An example of a real-world design engineering case study emphasizing use and design in sustainability
    • Key steps involved in developing skis using CAD, prototyping, and evaluation

    Skis – An Engineered Sandwich

    • Describes the construction of skis as an engineered sandwich structure

    Impact of Material Selection on CO2

    • Examines the difference in CO2 emissions based on various materials used in ski manufacturing across different designs.

    LCA of the Skis Made at ETH

    • Detailed analysis of CO2 production in different stages of ski construction.
    • Compares the CO2 emissions of the skis made at ETH to the industry standards.
    • This includes analysing waste in production, including analysis from previous courses.

    LCA of the Skis Made at ETH – Reality Check

    • Examines assumptions/considerations related to travel, comparing the CO2 footprint of skis to emissions from travel using a car; the differences are observed.

    Sustainability in Engineering Design - Wrap Up

    • Sustainability and Design for Environment as pressing issues for the century.
    • Key aspect and goals, including product cycle and lifecycle of materials

    References

    • Key sources for information and material used in the lecture and class notes.

    Exercise 12: Sustainability in Engineering Design

    • Case study related to environmental impact evaluation of different types of bikes.

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    Engineering Design and Material Selection Lecture 9 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 9 on sustainability in engineering design. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and life cycle assessments in reducing environmental impacts. Explore the interlinked product and biological lifecycles and the guidelines for Design for Environment.

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