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Questions and Answers
What is the indicative carbon budget per person for the year 2050?
What is the indicative carbon budget per person for the year 2050?
Switzerland's average carbon emissions are higher than the global average.
Switzerland's average carbon emissions are higher than the global average.
True
What is ETH's goal regarding carbon emissions by 2030?
What is ETH's goal regarding carbon emissions by 2030?
Net Zero
A round-trip flight from Zurich to NYC generates approximately ______ tons of CO2 equivalent.
A round-trip flight from Zurich to NYC generates approximately ______ tons of CO2 equivalent.
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How many days of vegetarian meals are equivalent to 220 days of meat-based meals in terms of carbon emissions?
How many days of vegetarian meals are equivalent to 220 days of meat-based meals in terms of carbon emissions?
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Match the following travel methods with their estimated carbon emissions:
Match the following travel methods with their estimated carbon emissions:
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To meet its carbon budget, each person in the world must reduce their emissions to 4 tons CO2 eq. per year.
To meet its carbon budget, each person in the world must reduce their emissions to 4 tons CO2 eq. per year.
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What strategy does ETH promote to achieve its carbon neutrality goal?
What strategy does ETH promote to achieve its carbon neutrality goal?
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What is the primary aim of Design for Environment (DFE)?
What is the primary aim of Design for Environment (DFE)?
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Design for Environment (DFE) includes an emphasis on social-ecological aspects.
Design for Environment (DFE) includes an emphasis on social-ecological aspects.
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Name one of the four simple DFE rules.
Name one of the four simple DFE rules.
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The Design for Environment (DFE) expands beyond the traditional product and manufacturer’s focus on production and __________ of its products.
The Design for Environment (DFE) expands beyond the traditional product and manufacturer’s focus on production and __________ of its products.
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Match the following DFE rules to their descriptions:
Match the following DFE rules to their descriptions:
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What is the primary design feature of the Tripp Trapp chair?
What is the primary design feature of the Tripp Trapp chair?
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The Kyburz PLUS II uses solely new parts for each vehicle.
The Kyburz PLUS II uses solely new parts for each vehicle.
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What materials does Freitag repurpose for their bags and accessories?
What materials does Freitag repurpose for their bags and accessories?
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The concept of __________ focuses on reusing parts and prolonging the lifespan of products.
The concept of __________ focuses on reusing parts and prolonging the lifespan of products.
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Match the following stages of sustainability with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of sustainability with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes a multi-life concept for batteries?
Which of the following best describes a multi-life concept for batteries?
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The Kyburz PLUS II model is designed to use parts solely from first-life vehicles.
The Kyburz PLUS II model is designed to use parts solely from first-life vehicles.
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The website for Freitag is __________.
The website for Freitag is __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a measure for assessing the environmental impact of a product?
Which of the following is NOT a measure for assessing the environmental impact of a product?
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Energy required for 1 kg of a material is measured in Joules/kg.
Energy required for 1 kg of a material is measured in Joules/kg.
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What are the three factors presented to consider when assessing the sustainability of materials?
What are the three factors presented to consider when assessing the sustainability of materials?
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The CO2 footprint is measured in ________ per kg of material.
The CO2 footprint is measured in ________ per kg of material.
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Which life-cycle phase involves the energy required to manufacture materials?
Which life-cycle phase involves the energy required to manufacture materials?
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Match the following types of impacts with their measurements:
Match the following types of impacts with their measurements:
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A PET bottle typically weighs ______ grams.
A PET bottle typically weighs ______ grams.
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The scenario mentions that the PET bottles are transported a distance of 550 km.
The scenario mentions that the PET bottles are transported a distance of 550 km.
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What is one of the recommended DFE guidelines for materials?
What is one of the recommended DFE guidelines for materials?
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The embodied energy of aluminium is lower than that of steel.
The embodied energy of aluminium is lower than that of steel.
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What percentage reduction in weight is achieved when substituting a steel bumper with an aluminium bumper?
What percentage reduction in weight is achieved when substituting a steel bumper with an aluminium bumper?
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One of the guidelines for materials is to use __________ materials which can be returned to biological decay cycles.
One of the guidelines for materials is to use __________ materials which can be returned to biological decay cycles.
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Match the following materials with their characteristics:
Match the following materials with their characteristics:
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What is the primary focus of DFE guidelines?
What is the primary focus of DFE guidelines?
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Eliminating packaging is considered a valid DFE guideline.
Eliminating packaging is considered a valid DFE guideline.
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Name one process that should be avoided according to material guidelines.
Name one process that should be avoided according to material guidelines.
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Which of the following are Grand Challenges addressed in the practice-oriented course?
Which of the following are Grand Challenges addressed in the practice-oriented course?
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The Ski Design Process includes six phases.
The Ski Design Process includes six phases.
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What is the first phase in the Ski Design Process?
What is the first phase in the Ski Design Process?
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The engineered sandwich structure of skis includes a wood ______ between fiber composites and base.
The engineered sandwich structure of skis includes a wood ______ between fiber composites and base.
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Match each phase of the Ski Design Process with its primary activity:
Match each phase of the Ski Design Process with its primary activity:
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Which project is associated with low-cost ventilation?
Which project is associated with low-cost ventilation?
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Parametric modeling is used in the Detail Design phase of the Ski Design Process.
Parametric modeling is used in the Detail Design phase of the Ski Design Process.
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What is one of the engineering projects related to sustainable materials in the course?
What is one of the engineering projects related to sustainable materials in the course?
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Study Notes
Engineering Design and Material Selection Lecture 9 - Sustainability
- The lecture covered sustainability in engineering design
- Learning objectives included importance of sustainable development and design for the environment in engineering design
- Learning about interlinked product and biological lifecycles
- Understanding Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and carrying out assessments for CO2 footprint and embodied energy
- Learning a process, guidelines, and rules for Design for Environment
Course Schedule
- The course schedule included topics for each week, case studies, quizzes, and lecturers.
- Week 9 focused on sustainability in engineering design
Environmental Impacts
- Environmental impacts that are considered include:
- Global Warming
- Resource Depletion
- Solid Waste
- Water Pollution
- Air Pollution
- Land Degradation
Global Warming
- Earth's temperature is increasing due to additional greenhouse gases generated through human activities.
- The increased radiation resulting from additional greenhouse gases raises the Earth's temperature.
- Global warming must be limited to +1.5°C compared to pre-industrial times
Indicative Carbon Budget for 2050
- The indicative carbon budget for 2050 is 2 tons of CO2 equivalent per year per person.
- Switzerland's average carbon emissions are 12 tons of CO2 equivalent per year per person.
- The global average carbon emissions are 4 tons of CO2 equivalent per person per year.
- The goal for ETH is to reach net zero by 2030.
Doughnut Economics
- Societal well-being is also important in sustaining development.
- The centre of the doughnut represents the shortfall for people, where no individual should be.
- The outside of the doughnut represents the environment's overshoot.
Definition of Sustainable Development
- Sustainable development meets the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- This concept was brought forward by the UN Commission on Environment and Development in 1983.
Conditions for Sustainability
- Earth should be considered a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio-cycles.
- Resources must be used in balance with the rate at which the earth creates these resources, including fossil fuels.
- Toxic wastes, heavy metals, heavy metals, radiation and other molecular garbage, must be eliminated. These materials aren't part of the bio-cycle.
Product Life Cycle
- A cycle showing the stages of a product's life from raw materials to use to the end of life
Circular Economy
- Systems solution framework that aims to tackle challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, etc.
- Aimed at regenerative material and energy consumption
Manufacturing and Circularity
- The difference between primary and secondary manufacturing processes.
- Includes phases such as Sourcing, Preparation, Feedstock creation, Forming, Finishing, Assembling, Disassembling, Reusing, Repairing.
Circular Economy - 9R Framework
- Strategies that can be implemented for a circular economy
- RO Refuse
- R1 Rethink
- R2 Reduce
- R3 Reuse
- R4 Repair
- R5 Refurbish
- R6 Remanufacture
- R7 Repurpose
- R8 Recycle
- R9 Recover
Stokke Tripp Trapp Chair
- An award-winning chair that can grow with the child, increasing its lifetime
Sustainability Aspects of the Kyburz PLUS II
- Maximum part reuse between different models for modular design
- Re用 of the first-life parts to manufacture second-life vehicles
- Multi-life concept for batteries, and recycling-driven battery design
Freitag Bags
- Truck tarps, inner tubes, and seat belts are repurposed into bags and accessories.
Dunlop Recycled Wellington Boots
- Made from polyurethane, PVC, and rubber.
- Dunlop takes back used wellingtons for reuse and remanufacturing into new boots
- This reduces the production of new PVC
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- Quantifies the environmental impact over a product's entire life cycle.
- Steps of an LCA include setting goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation and limitations.
Software to Assist LCA (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)
- Measuring the environmental impact of a product through different parameters like mass, embodied energy (Joules/kg) and CO2 (kg/kg)
Sustainability Properties (Granta EduPack Eco-Audit)
- Factors to consider during material selection include recyclability, biodegradability, CO2 footprint, water usage, and energy consumption
Assessments: CO2 and Energy (Granta EduPack)
- CO2 footprint in kg CO2e/kg (CO2-equivalent mass)
- Greenhouse gas emission for 1 kg material
- Energy required for 1 kg of material
Example: PET Bottle
- Scenario describes the process of manufacturing and transporting a 1-liter PET bottle.
- It involves molding, filling, transportation, refrigeration, and final recycling.
Approximate Values for the Energy Use in Each Phase
- Data reveals that certain products (like aircraft) have a much higher environmental impact during the use phase, whereas others (e.g., carpets) have a significantly higher environmental impact from their material.
Which "Eco Audit" (CO2) corresponds to the electric car?
- Different assessment methods provide different insights on CO2 emissions in various phases
Design for Environment (DFE)
- Minimize and/or eliminate environmental issues in a product's lifecycle
- DFE practice maintains and/or improves product quality and cost while reducing environmental impacts
- This approach integrates ecological and social aspects with aspects like form, function and cost.
- The scope of DFE extends beyond production and distribution.
Four Simple DFE Rules
- Designing products and processes using industrial materials, natural materials, ensuring products don't create unnatural/toxic material that present difficult processing issues, and by using renewable energy sources.
DFE in the Engineering Design Process
- Outline of the steps involved, including planning, concept development, system-level design, detail design, and testing/refinement, as well as production ramp-up
DFE and Material Guidelines
- Guidelines on material selection to include recycling, labeling, disassembly processes, and avoiding incompatible materials.
Reduce Weight – Substitution of Materials in an Automobile Bumper
- Case study exploring the use of aluminum in car bumpers
- Comparing embodied energy and weight reduction
Practice-Oriented Course Addressing MAVT Grand Challenges
- Multidisciplinary courses on health, future mobility, and sustainable materials.
- Practicals using case studies such as ventilators, electric vehicles, or sustainable skis
Case Study: Ski Design
- An example of a real-world design engineering case study emphasizing use and design in sustainability
- Key steps involved in developing skis using CAD, prototyping, and evaluation
Skis – An Engineered Sandwich
- Describes the construction of skis as an engineered sandwich structure
Impact of Material Selection on CO2
- Examines the difference in CO2 emissions based on various materials used in ski manufacturing across different designs.
LCA of the Skis Made at ETH
- Detailed analysis of CO2 production in different stages of ski construction.
- Compares the CO2 emissions of the skis made at ETH to the industry standards.
- This includes analysing waste in production, including analysis from previous courses.
LCA of the Skis Made at ETH – Reality Check
- Examines assumptions/considerations related to travel, comparing the CO2 footprint of skis to emissions from travel using a car; the differences are observed.
Sustainability in Engineering Design - Wrap Up
- Sustainability and Design for Environment as pressing issues for the century.
- Key aspect and goals, including product cycle and lifecycle of materials
References
- Key sources for information and material used in the lecture and class notes.
Exercise 12: Sustainability in Engineering Design
- Case study related to environmental impact evaluation of different types of bikes.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 9 on sustainability in engineering design. It emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and life cycle assessments in reducing environmental impacts. Explore the interlinked product and biological lifecycles and the guidelines for Design for Environment.
