Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason ATP has more potential energy than ADP?
What is the primary reason ATP has more potential energy than ADP?
- It can easily lose hydrogen ions.
- It contains three negatively charged phosphates. (correct)
- It has more carbon atoms.
- It participates in chemical reactions more efficiently.
Which statement accurately describes the nature of exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Which statement accurately describes the nature of exergonic and endergonic reactions?
- Exergonic reactions have higher potential energy in products than reactants.
- Exergonic reactions are not spontaneous.
- Both reactions have the same amount of potential energy.
- Endergonic reactions have more potential energy in products than reactants. (correct)
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
- It forms a proton gradient.
- It generates ATP directly.
- It donates electrons to cytochrome a3.
- It accepts low energy electrons. (correct)
How many ATP molecules are generated from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
How many ATP molecules are generated from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
Which biochemical process does not produce waste during fermentation?
Which biochemical process does not produce waste during fermentation?
What occurs during chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?
What occurs during chemiosmosis in cellular respiration?
In the Krebs cycle, what is released when CO2 leaves?
In the Krebs cycle, what is released when CO2 leaves?
What is the function of a hexokinase enzyme in the process of cellular respiration?
What is the function of a hexokinase enzyme in the process of cellular respiration?
Flashcards
ATP vs. ADP
ATP vs. ADP
ATP has three phosphate groups, making it higher in potential energy than ADP, which has two. ATP releases energy when a phosphate is removed, becoming ADP.
Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions
Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions
Exergonic reactions release energy, meaning the products have less potential energy than the reactants. Endergonic reactions require energy, meaning the products have more potential energy than the reactants.
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis uses light energy to make glucose (endergonic, positive delta G). Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy (exergonic, negative delta G).
Redox Reactions
Redox Reactions
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Study Notes
Energy Transfer and Cellular Respiration
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) stores more energy than ADP (adenosine diphosphate) due to its extra phosphate groups with negative charges.
- Exergonic reactions release energy—products have less energy than reactants.
- Endergonic reactions absorb energy—products have more energy than reactants. Photosynthesis is endergonic; respiration is exergonic.
- The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- ATP is used to phosphorylate molecules like glutamic acid, converting it to ADP.
- Redox reactions involve one substance losing electrons (oxidation) and another gaining electrons (reduction).
- Enzymes like hexokinase catalyze specific reactions, for example, glucose phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates, and 2 water molecules.
- The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) releases CO2, involving redox reactions. This cycle occurs twice per glucose molecule.
- The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a series of redox reactions transferring electrons in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
- The proton motive force is a gradient generated by H+ ions (protons) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient provides energy for ATP synthesis.
- Cold temperatures can sometimes decrease cellular respiration efficiency.
- Fermentation regenerates NAD+ in the absence of oxygen. Alcohol and lactic acid fermentations differ in the byproducts they create.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation is the final step of cellular respiration, using the ETC and chemiosmosis to produce a large amount of ATP.
- ATP synthase drives ATP production through chemiosmosis, as H+ move across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- 38 ATP molecules can be produced per glucose molecule.
- Locations of key processes:
- Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Mitochondria
- Pyruvate oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle: Mitochondrial matrix
- Inputs and outputs of different steps:
- 6O2 (oxygen) is used/produced in oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria).
- 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) is used/produced in pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (mitochondria).
- 6H2O (water) is used/produced in Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, and mitochondria, respectively)
- 38ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria).
- Fermentation serves to regenerate NAD+ in the absence of oxygen.
- Two CO2 molecules are produced for each acetyl CoA.
Cellular Respiration Summary
- Cellular respiration is the process of extracting energy from glucose.
- The process involves four key steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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