Energy Systems and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glucose in the energy systems?

  • Converted into fatty acids
  • Converted into lactate
  • Broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis (correct)
  • Stored for long-term use

The ATP-PC system lasts longer than the anaerobic lactic system.

False (B)

What is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis that causes muscle fatigue?

lactic acid

The Krebs cycle follows the conversion of pyruvate into __________.

<p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following energy systems with their characteristics:

<p>ATP-PC system = 0-15 seconds duration, anaerobic alactic Anaerobic Lactic = 15 seconds - 2 minutes duration, produces lactic acid Aerobic = Requires oxygen, includes cellular respiration Glycolysis = Breaks down glucose into pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) after the age of 20?

<p>Drops by 2% each year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anabolism refers to the breaking down of compounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in the body?

<p>ATP serves as the immediate source of energy for bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After breaking down macronutrients, they are delivered through the ______.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Catabolism = Breaking down compounds Anabolism = Building compounds Oxidative Phosphorylation = Using oxygen to create ATP ATPase = Removes phosphate from ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known to increase BMR?

<p>Thyroxine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Exercise does not affect BMR.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two stages of catabolism?

<p>Stage 1 involves breaking down macronutrients into smaller units, and Stage 2 involves breaking these into CO2 and H2O while releasing ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location for ATP production during aerobic metabolism?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid is produced during aerobic metabolism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

<p>38</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fat metabolism yields ____ calories of energy per gram.

<p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of high sugar intake on metabolism?

<p>Increased acetyl CoA buildup (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trained athletes reach a steady state of oxygen consumption faster than untrained individuals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lactic acid during anaerobic activity after it is transported to the liver?

<p>It is converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?

<p>Restoration of ATP/PCr and oxygen stores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle fatigue is primarily caused by the accumulation of lactic acid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what percentage of VO2 max does the lactate threshold occur in untrained athletes?

<p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preferred fuel source for the body during exercise is ___ .

<p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>EPOC = Increased oxygen consumption post-exercise Lactate threshold = Intensity at which lactic acid levels increase Aerobic ATP production = Energy production in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic pathway = Energy production without oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the crossover point in energy source selection during exercise?

<p>When energy from carbohydrates equals energy from fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High-intensity exercise primarily relies on aerobic metabolism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur during recovery from high-intensity exercise?

<p>Elevated heart rate, breathing, and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2 muscle fibers rely on enzymes that convert pyruvate to ___ .

<p>lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exercise duration on fuel selection?

<p>Long-duration exercise increases lipase activity and lipolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in the body that turn food into energy to sustain it.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The body's energy use at rest; maintaining blood flow, tissue repair, digestion, temperature.

Catabolism

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Building larger molecules from smaller ones, using energy.

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ATP

The immediate energy source for bodily functions, like muscle contractions.

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Factors affecting BMR

Age, body fat, gender, diet, stress, hormones, and exercise all influence how quickly your body burns calories.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process that produces a large amount of ATP in the mitochondria using oxygen.

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ATPase

Enzyme that breaks down ATP to release energy needed to do work.

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Carbohydrate Energy Source

Carbohydrates from plants and grains are broken down into simple sugars, providing 4.1 calories of energy per gram.

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Anaerobic ATP-PC System

This energy system uses stored ATP and PCr, providing quick energy for powerful, short-duration activities like sprinting and shot put, lasting 0-15 seconds.

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Glycolysis (Anaerobic Lactic)

Breaks down glucose when other stores are depleted, generating ATP for activities lasting 15-2 minutes, creating lactic acid as a byproduct.

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates and lipids to produce ATP, supporting long-duration activities.

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Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate, a product of glucose breakdown, is converted to Acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.

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Aerobic ATP production

Most efficient energy creation. Produces high amounts of ATP (38 molecules per glucose) from glucose. Sustained, like endurance activities.

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Anaerobic ATP production

Initial energy source, in absence of oxygen. Produces less ATP and can quickly fatigue.

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Oxygen deficit

Initial period of exercise where the body's oxygen consumption lags behind the demand for ATP.

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VO2 Max

Maximum rate the body can take up and consume oxygen. A measure of aerobic capacity during exercise.

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Fat Metabolism

Efficient energy source for prolonged activity, 9 calories per gram. Stored as triglycerides and broken down to produce ATP.

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Protein Metabolism

Provides energy when other sources are depleted. The amino acids from proteins produce ATP.

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Cori Cycle

Lactic acid produced anaerobically, transported to the liver, converted back to glucose and used to supply energy.

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Steady-state Oxygen Consumption

Plateau of oxygen consumption following the initial oxygen deficit in exercise.

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EPOC

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption; the body uses more oxygen after exercise than it does at rest.

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Lactate Threshold

The exercise intensity where lactate levels in the blood increase rapidly, due to the body switching to anaerobic energy production.

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Muscle Fatigue

Reduced muscle ability to contract, not solely due to lactic acid.

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Fuel Selection

The body's choice of energy source (carbohydrates or fats) during exercise, influenced by intensity and duration.

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Crossover Point

The exercise intensity at which the body shifts from using primarily fat to using primarily carbohydrates for energy.

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Anaerobic Energy System

Energy production without oxygen, leading to the buildup of lactate (lactic acid).

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Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose (sugar) to produce energy in the absence of oxygen.

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Study Notes

Metabolism

  • Defined as all chemical reactions where the body converts food into energy for survival
  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the rate at which the body uses energy while resting
    • The body maintains blood flow, repairs tissues, digests food and regulates temperature
  • Factors affecting BMR:
    • Age: Decreases 2% per year after age 20
    • Body Fat Percentage: Higher body fat percentage leads to lower BMR
    • Gender: Women generally have a lower BMR than men
    • Diet: Reduced food intake leads to a lower BMR to conserve energy
    • Stress: Increases sympathetic response (fight or flight response), affecting BMR. Hormones like thyroxine and epinephrine increase BMR.
    • Exercise: Catabolism of fat increases BMR, even during rest.
  • Anabolism: Building compounds
  • Catabolism: Breaking down compounds
  • ATP: Immediate energy source for bodily functions like muscle contractions
  • PCr: Resynthesizes ATP when energy is needed rapidly using a high-energy phosphate and ADP
  • Cellular Respiration: Carbs and lipids are broken down into CO2 and H2O, releasing energy for ATP resynthesis

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

  • Phosphate, ribose (sugar) and adenine
  • Immediate energy source, little stored in cells; provides energy for a few seconds
  • Recycled continuously; total in body is approximately 3 ounces.
  • ATPase: An enzyme that removes a phosphate from ATP, turning it back into ADP, releasing energy.
  • Phosphorylation: Transferring phosphate to another molecule creates a bond that absorbs/stores energy.
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation: A process in the mitochondria, creating ATP using oxygen.

Stages of Macronutrient Breakdown

  • Stage 1: Macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) are broken into smaller units (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids) and transported through the blood.
  • Stage 2: These smaller units are broken down into CO2 and H2O in cells, releasing energy that powers the body's cells.

Energy Systems

  • Anaerobic: without oxygen

    • ATP-PCr system: Uses stored ATP and PCr to power Type 2b muscle fibers; lasts 0-15 seconds (e.g., sprinting, shot put). PCr gets depleted during intense activity, ATP synthesis stops.

  • Anaerobic Lactic (Glycolysis): Breakes down glucose when ATP and PCr are depleted. Carbs broken down for ATP resynthesis. Occurs in Type 2a or 2b muscle fibers, lasts 15 seconds to 2 minutes (e.g., 400m run, basketball).

  • Lactic acid is a byproduct that builds in muscles during intense work and fatigue

  • Aerobic: with oxygen; most efficient

    • Uses oxygen, releasing 38 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule; lasts 2 minutes - a few hours; Type 1 muscle fibers

Fat Metabolism

  • 9 calories of energy per gram; good for prolonged exercise
  • Broken down into fatty acids, glycerol, etc. (lipolysis).
  • Converted into Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria for ATP production in the Krebs cycle

Protein Metabolism

  • 20 different amino acids; 4.3 calories per gram
  • Used when other energy sources are depleted
  • Broken down into amino acids; some to pyruvate then acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle
  • Not stored; fully functional in muscles.

Cori Cycle and Lactic Acid

  • Lactic acid, a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis, is transported to the liver.
  • The liver converts lactic acid into pyruvate and then glucose to be used as energy. (Glucose → Pyruvate → Lactate)

Fuel Selection

  • Carbs are the body's preferred fuel
  • Influenced by diet, exercise intensity, and duration
    • High-fat, low-carb diets use fats as main energy source.
    • Exercise intensity shift from carbs to fats, crossover point
      • Low intensity exercises: prioritize fats.
      • High intensity exercises: use more carbs.
    • ↑ duration = ↑epinephrine = ↑lipase activity = ↑lipolysis

Fat and Carb Metabolism

  • Exercise exceeding 2 hours depletes glycogen stores, and aerobic ATP needs pyruvate from glycogen to function.
  • Less pyruvate leads to decreased Krebs cycle function and lower ATP production

Body Fuel Sources

  • Muscle glycogen, plasma glucose, fatty acids, and muscle triglycerides are the main fuel sources. The relative contribution of each source depends on exercise intensity

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Description

Test your knowledge on the primary functions of glucose, energy systems, and the metabolic processes involved in ATP production. This quiz covers the ATP-PC system, anaerobic glycolysis, and factors affecting Basal Metabolic Rate. Challenge yourself with questions on muscle fatigue, hormones, and the stages of metabolism.

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