Energy Storage Technologies Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common means of storing energy for later use?

  • Hydrogen fuel cells
  • Pumped hydro plants
  • Batteries (correct)
  • Capacitors

    • Which component of a battery is responsible for separating the anode and cathode?

  • Oxidizer
  • Conductor
  • Electrolyte (correct)
  • Electrode

    • During battery discharge, what occurs at the anode?

  • Oxidation occurs (correct)
  • Ions move to the cathode
  • Reduction occurs
  • Electrons are created

    • What is the typical efficiency range of batteries?

    <p>80-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy storage involves the use of heat?

    <p>Thermodynamic energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the movement of ions during battery charging?

    <p>Ions move back to their respective electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to battery charge over time due to self-discharge?

    <p>Charge decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hydrogen fuel cells classified as in terms of energy storage technology?

    <p>Electrochemical energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the available charge from a battery as the current discharge increases?

    <p>It declines due to internal resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric represents the total energy a battery can deliver before needing a charge?

    <p>Charge capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when batteries are connected in parallel?

    <p>The total voltage equals the voltage of a single battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to charge batteries at a higher voltage than their rated voltage?

    <p>It ensures the reaction is driven to completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is specific energy of a battery defined?

    <p>Wh/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a decrease in temperature have on a battery's performance?

    <p>It reduces the available charge from the battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between batteries and hydrogen fuel cells?

    <p>Batteries utilize stored energy, while fuel cells use a fuel source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents power loss in a battery?

    <p>current output2 x internal resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the standard reduction potential (SRP) indicate?

    <p>The ease with which an electrode will be reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lead acid battery, what is the SRP at the cathode?

    <p>+1.7 V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the SRP at the anode during battery operation?

    <p>It becomes negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total voltage of a redox reaction in a lead acid battery calculated?

    <p>It is the positive SRP at the cathode plus the voltage at the anode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a series arrangement of batteries?

    <p>Anodes in one battery connect directly to cathodes in another battery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the voltage addition in series battery arrangements?

    <p>The total voltage is the sum of the individual battery voltages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the voltage of the redox reaction at the anode in a lead acid battery?

    <p>+0.35 V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct relationship between SRP and spontaneity of a reaction?

    <p>More positive SRP indicates a more spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a battery acts as a separator between the electrodes?

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During battery discharge, which process occurs at the anode?

    <p>Oxidation and loss of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a battery's efficiency being in the range of 80-85%?

    <p>Internal resistance of ion movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which energy storage category does a pumped hydroelectric dam fall?

    <p>Mechanical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement occurs in a battery when it is charging?

    <p>Electrons flow from cathode to anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction encompasses both the oxidation and reduction processes in a battery?

    <p>Redox reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of energy storage system draws energy from non-electric sources?

    <p>Pumped hydro plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows for self-discharge in batteries over time?

    <p>Internal resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When batteries are connected in parallel, how is the current output affected?

    <p>Current output is the summed output from all the batteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter is used to express battery capacity?

    <p>Amp-hours (Ah)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for charging batteries at a voltage higher than their rated voltage?

    <p>To ensure the electrochemical reaction is driven to completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreasing temperature have on battery charge availability?

    <p>Charge availability declines due to slower electrochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following denotes energy capacity in batteries?

    <p>Volts multiplied by Amp-hours (V x Ah)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation correctly represents the relationship of power loss in a battery?

    <p>Power loss = current output^2 x battery's internal resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a more positive standard reduction potential (SRP) indicate about a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reaction occurs more spontaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a battery, where is the standard reduction potential (SRP) positive?

    <p>At the cathode during reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When batteries are connected in series, what happens to the total voltage?

    <p>The total voltage adds together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the voltage at the anode expressed when considering the oxidation reaction?

    <p>As the inverse of SRP, thus positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a lead acid battery, if the SRP at the cathode is +1.7 V and at the anode is -0.35 V, what is the total redox reaction voltage?

    <p>About 2.00 V.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of battery connections when arranged in parallel?

    <p>The anodes are connected to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term standard reduction potential (SRP) specifically measure?

    <p>The tendency for a substance to gain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the SRP at the cathode and the total voltage calculation in a redox reaction?

    <p>Total voltage is the sum of the cathode SRP and anode SRP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the nation's primary energy consumption is accounted for by buildings?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects conductive heat loss in buildings?

    <p>Building material thermal conductance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric is primarily used to estimate a building's heating and cooling needs?

    <p>Degree day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inverse of thermal conductance in buildings?

    <p>Thermal resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is space conditioning considered the biggest energy draw for buildings?

    <p>It encompasses heating and cooling needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence of energy efficiency improvements is noted as a limitation?

    <p>Greater overall energy use for certain technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary energy services that could benefit from increased efficiency in buildings?

    <p>Heating and cooling services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the nation's electricity use is attributed to buildings?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to heat transfer when the outside temperature is similar to the inside temperature?

    <p>Minimal heat transfer occurs due to low temperature difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in the U rating of building materials affect energy efficiency?

    <p>It causes the building to lose heat more easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is significantly important for conduction in buildings?

    <p>Interior volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy consumption source in commercial buildings related to air quality?

    <p>Ventilation systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does refrigerant play in an air conditioning system?

    <p>It absorbs heat from the warm area and releases it outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the cooling process in an air conditioner, which phase change occurs to the refrigerant?

    <p>It evaporates to absorb heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of the refrigerant cycle in air conditioning?

    <p>Liquid absorbs heat, evaporates, compresses, and cools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy draw of an air conditioning system?

    <p>Electricity to pump and compress the refrigerant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the U.S. primary energy consumption is attributed to buildings?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect conductive heat loss in buildings?

    <p>External air pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric is used to estimate a building's heating and cooling needs?

    <p>Degree Day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the inverse of thermal conductance represent in building energy efficiency?

    <p>Thermal Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about energy savings in buildings is true?

    <p>The implementation of energy-efficient technologies can sometimes increase energy use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes most significantly to energy consumption in buildings?

    <p>Space conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reducing energy use in buildings?

    <p>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main ways buildings lose or gain heat from their surroundings?

    <p>Conduction and convection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a higher R rating in building materials?

    <p>Represents a material that is more effective at insulating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT significantly influence conduction heat transfer in buildings?

    <p>Quality of building materials used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy draw for an A/C system?

    <p>Electricity needed to compress and pump refrigerant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the cooling process in an A/C system?

    <p>Heat is absorbed from the inside and released outdoors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the outside-inside temperature difference for minimal heat transfer?

    <p>Requires a significant temperature difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of inadequate ventilation in buildings?

    <p>Higher risk of airborne diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In commercial buildings, which aspect of ventilation represents the greatest source of energy consumption?

    <p>Energy used to drive the ventilation system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does the refrigerant play in an A/C system?

    <p>It absorbs heat and facilitates the cooling cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Storage Technologies

    • Various technologies store electrical energy for later use, from seconds to many hours.
    • Some technologies take energy from non-electrical sources (e.g., pumped hydro).
    • Others store electrical energy and release it as another form (e.g., ice storage).
    • Batteries are the most common energy storage method.

    Lecture Outline: Major Forms of Energy Storage

    • Electrochemical:
      • Batteries
      • Hydrogen fuel cells
    • Electromagnetic:
      • Capacitors
    • Thermodynamic:
      • Compressed air
      • Ice
      • Molten salt
    • Mechanical:
      • Pumped hydroelectric dams
      • Flywheels

    Battery Basics

    • Components:
      • Negative anode
      • Positive cathode
      • Electrolyte (separates electrodes)
    • Charging:
      • Electrons flow from anode to cathode through conductor.
      • Ions move between electrodes via electrolyte.
    • Efficiency:
      • 80-85% due to internal resistance and heat loss.
    • Self-Discharge:
      • Batteries lose charge over time.

    Battery Voltage Source

    • Chemical reactions at both electrodes during discharge:
      • Oxidation (loss of electrons) at the anode.
      • Reduction (gain of electrons) at the cathode.
    • These are half-reactions of a redox reaction.

    Standard Reduction Potential (SRP)

    • Measures the ease of reduction of an electrode.
    • Higher SRP values indicate more spontaneous reduction reactions.
    • Positive SRP at the cathode (reduction).
    • Negative SRP at the anode (oxidation).
    • Total voltage is the sum of anode and cathode SRP values.

    Battery Arrangement

    • Series: Connecting anodes to cathodes of multiple batteries.
      • Adds battery voltages.
      • Current output from a single battery.
    • Parallel: Connecting anodes to anodes and cathodes to cathodes of multiple batteries.
      • Adds battery capacities.
      • Summed current output from all batteries.

    Battery Metrics

    • Voltage: Electrical potential difference
    • Current output: Flow rate of charge.
    • Power output: Rate of energy transfer.
    • Power loss: Voltage loss due to internal resistance.
    • Charge capacity: Amount of charge a battery stores (measured in Ah).
    • Energy capacity: Total energy stored (measured in Wh).
    • Energy density: Energy stored per unit volume.
    • Power density: Power output per unit volume.
    • Specific energy: Energy stored per unit mass (Wh/kg).
    • Specific power: Power output per unit mass (W/kg).

    Battery Performance

    • Charging at higher voltage than rated ensures reaction completion.
    • Battery voltage decreases during discharge due to internal resistance.
    • Charge capacity reduced as current discharge increases due to internal resistance.
    • Rate of electrochemical reactions reduces with decreasing temperature.

    Hydrogen Fuel Cells

    • Produce energy via fuel (hydrogen), not by storing it.
    • Hydrogen can come from electrolysis or methane reformation.
    • Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen.

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    Description

    Explore the various technologies used for energy storage, including electrochemical, electromagnetic, thermodynamic, and mechanical methods. This quiz covers the basics of batteries and other storage technologies such as pumped hydro and flywheels. Test your understanding of how these systems store and release energy.

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