Energy Storage Technologies Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which type of energy storage technology primarily uses chemical reactions at its electrodes?

  • Flywheel
  • Pumped hydroelectric dam
  • Capacitors
  • Batteries (correct)

What is the main reason for the efficiency loss in batteries, which is typically around 80-85%?

  • Chemical reaction speed
  • Electrolyte composition
  • Temperature variance
  • Internal resistance and heat loss (correct)

During battery discharge, where does oxidation occur within the battery?

  • At the conductor
  • In the electrolyte
  • At the negative anode (correct)
  • At the positive cathode

Which of the following components separates the two electrodes in a battery?

<p>Electrolyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy storage method allows the storage of excess electric energy as potential energy in water?

<p>Pumped hydroelectric systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of energy storage does the snow or ice act as a thermal energy storage medium?

<p>Thermodynamic storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hydrogen fuel cells is most accurate?

<p>They convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons when a battery is charged?

<p>They flow from the cathode to the anode. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between current discharge and available charge from a battery?

<p>Higher current discharge decreases available charge due to internal resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is energy capacity of a battery defined?

<p>Energy capacity is expressed as the product of voltage and charge capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a battery's voltage as it is discharged?

<p>Voltage declines due to internal resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the performance of batteries at lower temperatures?

<p>Lower temperatures can prolong battery life by reducing self-discharge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hydrogen fuel cells, what is primarily responsible for generating energy?

<p>Energy derived from hydrogen fuel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric best describes the rate of charge a battery can deliver per unit time?

<p>Current output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the internal resistance of a battery with repeated use?

<p>Internal resistance increases due to electrode degradation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about battery metrics is accurate?

<p>Power loss in a battery is calculated as current output squared times internal resistance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a more positive standard reduction potential (SRP) indicate about the reaction?

<p>The reaction occurs spontaneously with high voltage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a lead acid battery, which of the following statements is true regarding the SRP at the anode?

<p>The voltage of the reaction at the anode is expressed as -0.35 V. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the total voltage of a redox reaction in a lead acid battery get computed?

<p>Summing the positive SRP at the cathode and the negative at the anode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the arrangement of batteries when connected in parallel?

<p>The voltage across each battery remains the same while current capacity increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the voltage when batteries are connected in series?

<p>The battery arrangement effectively combines their voltages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the cathode during the reaction in a battery?

<p>Reduction occurs, leading to a positive SRP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about standard reduction potential (SRP) is true?

<p>The SRP reflects the relative ease of electrode reduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the inverse of the SRP at the anode?

<p>It contributes positively to the total voltage in the context of reduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Energy Storage Technologies

Methods for storing excess electricity for later use, categorized by different storage durations and energy source types.

Electrochemical Energy Storage

Energy stored by chemical reactions, including batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.

Battery Components

A battery consists of a negative anode, a positive cathode, and an electrolyte that separates the two electrodes.

Battery Discharge

During battery discharge, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through a conductor, and ions move between electrodes through the electrolyte.

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Battery Charging

When a battery charges, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode through a conductor, and ions move back to their respective electrodes.

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Battery Efficiency

Battery efficiency is typically around 80-85% due to internal resistance and heat loss.

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Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction involving both oxidation (loss of electrons) at the anode and reduction (gain of electrons) at the cathode.

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Battery Self-Discharge

Batteries gradually lose their charge over time due to ongoing internal chemical and physical processes.

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Standard Reduction Potential (SRP)

A measure, in volts, of how easily an electrode is reduced. A higher SRP means more spontaneous reduction.

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Cathode

The electrode where reduction occurs in a redox reaction.

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Anode

The electrode where oxidation occurs in a redox reaction.

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Oxidation

Loss of electrons, opposite of reduction.

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Reduction

Gain of electrons, opposite of oxidation.

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Series Battery Arrangement

Connecting battery anodes and cathodes in a chain. Voltages add.

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Parallel Battery Arrangement

Connecting battery anodes together, and cathodes together. Current increases.

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Battery Voltage in Parallel

When batteries are connected in parallel, the voltage remains the same as a single battery, but the total current output increases.

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Battery Capacity (Ah)

A measure of a battery's total charge expressed in Amp-hours (Ah). It's the product of current (in Amps) and time (in hours).

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Battery Power Loss

The power lost due to a battery's internal resistance, calculated as (current output)^2 multiplied by the internal resistance.

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Battery Energy Capacity (Wh)

The total energy a battery can store, calculated as Voltage multiplied by Amp-hour capacity.

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Battery Charging Voltage

Batteries need to be charged at a higher voltage than their rated voltage to ensure the electrochemical reaction completes.

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Battery Discharge & Temperature

Battery discharge rate decreases with decreasing temperature due to slower electrochemical reactions.

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Battery Discharge & Current

The amount of available charge declines as the discharge current (I) increases. This is due to internal resistance.

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell

A fuel cell that uses hydrogen as fuel to produce energy; energy isn’t stored in the cell, but provided by the fuel.

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Study Notes

Energy Storage Technologies

  • Various technologies store excess electricity for later use, ranging from seconds to hours
  • Some technologies convert non-electric energy to electricity, while others store electricity and release it as another form of energy
  • Batteries are the most common way to store energy for later use

Major Forms of Energy Storage

  • Electrochemical: Batteries, hydrogen fuel cells
  • Electromagnetic: Capacitors
  • Thermodynamic: Compressed air, ice, molten salt
  • Mechanical: Pumped hydroelectric dam, flywheel

Battery Basics

  • Three main components: negative anode, positive cathode, electrolyte
  • When a conductor connects to electrodes, electrons move from anode to cathode through the conductor, and ions move between electrodes through the electrolyte
  • Battery efficiency is about 80-85% due to internal resistance and heat loss
  • Batteries self-discharge over time

Battery Voltage Source

  • Chemical reactions occur at both electrodes during discharge
  • Oxidation (loss of electrons) occurs at the anode
  • Reduction (gain of electrons) occurs at the cathode
  • These are half-reactions of a redox reaction

Standard Reduction Potential (SRP)

  • SRP measures how easily an electrode will be reduced (gain electrons)
  • Higher SRP = more spontaneous reaction (higher voltage)
  • Positive SRP at the cathode (reduction)
  • Negative SRP at the anode (oxidation), but expressed as a + when related to oxidation

Lead Acid Battery Example

  • Cathode SRP = +1.7V
  • Anode SRP = -0.35V (expressed as +0.35V for oxidation)
  • Total redox reaction is approximately 2V

Battery Arrangements

  • Series: Connecting anodes of one battery to the cathodes of another increases voltage
  • Parallel: Connecting anodes to anodes and cathodes to cathodes increases capacity

Battery Metrics

  • Voltage: Potential difference
  • Current Output: Rate of charge flow
  • Power Output: Rate of energy transfer
  • Power Loss: Caused by internal resistance
  • Charge Capacity: Measured in Amp-hours (Ah)
  • Energy Capacity: Measured in Watt-hours (Wh)
  • Energy Density: Wh/m³
  • Power Density: W/m³
  • Specific Energy: Wh/kg
  • Specific Power: W/kg

Battery Performance

  • Batteries need a higher charging voltage to ensure reactions complete
  • Battery voltage decreases during discharge due to internal resistance
  • Loss of available charge and reduced performance due to internal resistance, temperature, and repeated use
  • Repeated charging and discharging reduces the capacity over time and reduces the efficiency of electrochemical reactions

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

  • Different from batteries; store energy from hydrogen as fuel
  • Hydrogen is produced through electrolysis of water or reformation of methane

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