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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the separator in a lead-acid battery?
What is the primary function of the separator in a lead-acid battery?
- To transport ions between the anode and cathode.
- To increase the overall voltage of the battery.
- To provide the chemical reaction that generates electricity.
- To prevent the flow of electrons directly between electrodes. (correct)
Which of the following components of a lead-acid battery is responsible for transporting ions?
Which of the following components of a lead-acid battery is responsible for transporting ions?
- The separator
- The anode
- The cathode
- The electrolyte (correct)
What is the typical lifespan of a lead-acid battery?
What is the typical lifespan of a lead-acid battery?
- 1–3 years
- Over 20 years
- 10–20 years
- 3–12 years (correct)
Which characteristic makes lead-acid batteries particularly popular?
Which characteristic makes lead-acid batteries particularly popular?
What is the approximate voltage output of a lead-acid battery?
What is the approximate voltage output of a lead-acid battery?
What materials compose the cathode of a lead-acid battery?
What materials compose the cathode of a lead-acid battery?
What is a significant disadvantage of supercapacitor energy storage systems?
What is a significant disadvantage of supercapacitor energy storage systems?
Which component is NOT part of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system?
Which component is NOT part of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) system?
What is the primary purpose of the control and power conditioning system in a SMES?
What is the primary purpose of the control and power conditioning system in a SMES?
Why is low temperature necessary for a superconducting coil in a SMES system?
Why is low temperature necessary for a superconducting coil in a SMES system?
What performance characteristic is NOT associated with SMES systems?
What performance characteristic is NOT associated with SMES systems?
During the charging phase of a SMES system, what happens to the current in the superconducting coil?
During the charging phase of a SMES system, what happens to the current in the superconducting coil?
In what way do supercapacitors assist in wind energy applications?
In what way do supercapacitors assist in wind energy applications?
What happens during the discharging cycle of a SMES system?
What happens during the discharging cycle of a SMES system?
What role does synthetic oil serve in concentrated solar facilities utilizing molten salt?
What role does synthetic oil serve in concentrated solar facilities utilizing molten salt?
During the charging cycle in a molten salt system, what happens to the synthetic oil?
During the charging cycle in a molten salt system, what happens to the synthetic oil?
What is the purpose of the oil-to-salt heat exchanger in the system?
What is the purpose of the oil-to-salt heat exchanger in the system?
How is electricity generated in a concentrated solar facility using molten salt?
How is electricity generated in a concentrated solar facility using molten salt?
What is a critical factor for the performance of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) systems?
What is a critical factor for the performance of Latent Heat Storage (LHS) systems?
Which component of a concentrated solar facility is responsible for heat storage?
Which component of a concentrated solar facility is responsible for heat storage?
What happens to the heated molten salt during the discharge cycle?
What happens to the heated molten salt during the discharge cycle?
In thermal energy storage systems, what is the primary function of molten salt?
In thermal energy storage systems, what is the primary function of molten salt?
During the discharging cycle of the Gravity Energy Storage System (GES), how is energy released?
During the discharging cycle of the Gravity Energy Storage System (GES), how is energy released?
What is the primary function of the motor in a Compressed Air Energy Storage System (CAES)?
What is the primary function of the motor in a Compressed Air Energy Storage System (CAES)?
The effectiveness of energy storage in a CAES system is influenced by which of the following factors?
The effectiveness of energy storage in a CAES system is influenced by which of the following factors?
What is primarily stored during the charging cycle of a Gravity Energy Storage System?
What is primarily stored during the charging cycle of a Gravity Energy Storage System?
In a typical CAES system, which component is responsible for converting mechanical energy back into electrical energy?
In a typical CAES system, which component is responsible for converting mechanical energy back into electrical energy?
What type of reservoirs can be used to store compressed air in CAES systems?
What type of reservoirs can be used to store compressed air in CAES systems?
What happens to the surplus electricity during off-peak hours in a CAES system?
What happens to the surplus electricity during off-peak hours in a CAES system?
What is the purpose of the turbine train in a CAES system?
What is the purpose of the turbine train in a CAES system?
What are the two main types of energy storage systems classified as EES systems?
What are the two main types of energy storage systems classified as EES systems?
What is the primary function of the dielectric layer in a capacitor?
What is the primary function of the dielectric layer in a capacitor?
How do supercapacitors achieve a higher energy density compared to traditional capacitors?
How do supercapacitors achieve a higher energy density compared to traditional capacitors?
Which component in a supercapacitor prevents electronic contact between the two electrodes while allowing charge movement?
Which component in a supercapacitor prevents electronic contact between the two electrodes while allowing charge movement?
What characteristic makes supercapacitors particularly suited for rapid charge/discharge applications?
What characteristic makes supercapacitors particularly suited for rapid charge/discharge applications?
What is the role of the electrolyte in supercapacitors?
What is the role of the electrolyte in supercapacitors?
Which of the following is NOT a component of supercapacitors?
Which of the following is NOT a component of supercapacitors?
In what situation would a capacitor be preferred over a supercapacitor?
In what situation would a capacitor be preferred over a supercapacitor?
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Study Notes
Secondary Batteries Classification
- Types include lead-acid (LA), lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), sodium sulphur (NaS), sodium-ion (Na-ion), and metal air batteries.
- Classification is based on electrode and electrolyte materials.
Battery Energy Storage System (BES)
- In rechargeable batteries, the anode releases electrons while the cathode absorbs them.
- A separator maintains insulation between electrodes, while the electrolyte transports ions.
- Electrons travel through an external circuit.
Lead-Acid Batteries
- The oldest rechargeable battery, invented in 1859, it remains popular due to cost-effectiveness.
- Composed of:
- Anode: metallic sponge lead (Pb).
- Cathode: lead dioxide (PbO2).
- Electrolyte: 37% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 63% water.
- Features a porous separator to prevent direct electron flow between electrodes.
- Operates at approximately 2 V with a lifespan of 3–12 years.
Supercapacitors
- Used in wind energy systems to stabilize quick power fluctuations.
- Limitations include low energy density and high operational costs.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
- Stores energy in a magnetic field produced by a direct current in a superconducting coil.
- Major components:
- Superconducting coil.
- Control and power conditioning system.
- Cryogenically cooled refrigerator for low-temperature operation.
- Allows rapid response in milliseconds, with high power output (multi-MW) and efficiency.
Thermal Energy Storage: Molten Salt
- Utilized in solar power setups where synthetic oil serves as a heat transfer fluid.
- Charging cycle: heat oil to exchange thermal energy with molten salt for storage.
- Discharge cycle: heated salt transfers energy to oil, creating superheated steam to power turbines.
Thermal Energy Storage: Latent Heat
- Latent heat storage systems use heat absorbed/released during phase changes to maintain constant temperature performance.
Mechanical Energy Storage: Gravity Energy Storage System (GES)
- Energy is stored by elevating a piston using excess energy.
- During discharge, water is released to generate energy through a turbine.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
- Stores energy by compressing air in containers at high pressures.
- Composed of:
- Motor driving a compressor.
- Multi-stage compressor.
- Storage container (underground or porous).
- Turbine train (high and low-pressure).
- Generator returning energy to the grid.
- Off-peak charging utilizes surplus electricity for air compression.
Electrical Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
- Electrostatic: includes capacitors and supercapacitors.
- Magnetic: includes superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES).
Capacitors
- Store electrical energy in an electrostatic field between two metal plates separated by a dielectric material.
- Voltage application results in charge accumulation on plates.
Supercapacitors
- Also known as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) or ultracapacitors.
- Composed of two conductive electrodes, an electrolyte, and a separator.
- Trade-off between rapid charge/discharge capabilities and compact energy storage makes them suited for applications requiring frequent cycling.
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