Energy Storage Systems: Batteries and Their Applications

Energy Storage System: Basic Principles of Batteries

• A battery is an electrochemical device that stores energy in the form of chemical energy, which can be converted into electrical energy when needed.

Types of Batteries

• Primary batteries: Non-rechargeable batteries that can be used once and then discarded.
• Secondary batteries: Rechargeable batteries that can be reused multiple times.

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery

• Construction: Consists of a positive cathode, negative anode, and electrolyte material separated by a porous membrane.
• Working: Lithium ions move from cathode to anode during discharge, and from anode to cathode during charging.
• Applications: Widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems due to high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate.

Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery

• Construction: Consists of nickel oxide hydroxide as the positive electrode, cadmium as the negative electrode, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte.
• Working: Nickel ions move from cathode to anode during discharge, and from anode to cathode during charging.
• Applications: Used in power tools, two-way radios, and other portable devices due to high discharge rate capability and long cycle life.

Energy Storage Systems

• Energy storage systems rely on batteries as a primary component
• Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy

Basic Principles of Batteries

• Batteries consist of one or more cells containing a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode)
• Chemical reactions occur between the electrodes, generating an electric potential difference
• Batteries can be classified into primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) types

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery

• Construction: positive cathode (lithium cobalt oxide), negative anode (graphite), and an electrolyte (lithium salt dissolved in organic solvent)
• Working: lithium ions migrate from cathode to anode during discharge, and vice versa during recharge
• Applications: portable electronics, electric vehicles, renewable energy systems

Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery

• Construction: positive cathode (nickel oxide), negative anode (cadmium), and an electrolyte (potassium hydroxide solution)
• Working: nickel oxide reacts with water to form nickel hydroxide, releasing electrons during discharge
• Applications: power tools, two-way radios, electric vehicles

Energy Storage Systems: Batteries

• Energy storage systems rely on batteries as a crucial component
• Basic principles of batteries involve the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy

Types of Batteries

• Batteries can be classified into various types based on their chemistry and application

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries

• Construction: Consist of positive cathode and negative anode separated by an electrolyte
• Working: Lithium ions move between electrodes during charging and discharging, facilitating energy storage and release
• Applications: Widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems due to their high energy density and long cycle life

Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries

• Construction: Comprise nickel oxide hydroxide as the positive electrode and cadmium as the negative electrode
• Working: Nickel oxide hydroxide releases electrons during discharging, which are accepted by the cadmium electrode
• Applications: Used in power tools, two-way radios, and other portable devices due to their high discharge rate capability and long lifespan