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Questions and Answers
What is the byproduct of ATP production during exercise?
What is the byproduct of ATP production during exercise?
- Carbon dioxide and water (correct)
- Glycogen and glucose
- Lactic acid and oxygen
- Fatty acids and proteins
What is the source of oxygen in muscle fibers during exercise?
What is the source of oxygen in muscle fibers during exercise?
- Neither oxygen diffused from the blood nor oxygen released by myoglobin
- Only oxygen diffused from the blood
- Both oxygen diffused from the blood and oxygen released by myoglobin (correct)
- Only oxygen released by myoglobin
What is the purpose of oxygen debt after exercise?
What is the purpose of oxygen debt after exercise?
- To increase oxygen debt further
- To restore pre-exercise conditions by replenishing oxygen and energy stores (correct)
- To replenish oxygen stores in the muscles
- To decrease oxygen consumption
What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction?
What is the primary source of energy for muscle contraction?
What is the benefit of aerobic exercise on muscle fibers?
What is the benefit of aerobic exercise on muscle fibers?
What is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis?
What is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis?
What happens to free fatty acids in the mitochondria of muscle fibers during exercise?
What happens to free fatty acids in the mitochondria of muscle fibers during exercise?
What is the effect of aerobic exercise on the heart?
What is the effect of aerobic exercise on the heart?
Which system is responsible for regenerating ATP through the breakdown of creatine phosphate?
Which system is responsible for regenerating ATP through the breakdown of creatine phosphate?
What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
What is the main difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
What is the term for the oxygen required to restore muscle ATP stores after exercise?
What is the term for the oxygen required to restore muscle ATP stores after exercise?
Which of the following is NOT a source of ATP production in muscles?
Which of the following is NOT a source of ATP production in muscles?
What is the primary function of creatine phosphate in muscle metabolism?
What is the primary function of creatine phosphate in muscle metabolism?
How long can muscle contractions last with the ATP stored in muscles?
How long can muscle contractions last with the ATP stored in muscles?
What is the primary source of energy for exercise lasting longer than 10 minutes?
What is the primary source of energy for exercise lasting longer than 10 minutes?
What is the net ATP production for each glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the net ATP production for each glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is the byproduct of glycolysis that is reused in the Cori cycle?
What is the byproduct of glycolysis that is reused in the Cori cycle?
What is the process by which energy from NADH and FADH2 is used to generate ATP?
What is the process by which energy from NADH and FADH2 is used to generate ATP?
What is the preferred fuel source for most skeletal muscles during aerobic respiration?
What is the preferred fuel source for most skeletal muscles during aerobic respiration?
What is the primary location where aerobic respiration takes place?
What is the primary location where aerobic respiration takes place?
What is the characteristic of blood lactate levels during aerobic respiration?
What is the characteristic of blood lactate levels during aerobic respiration?
What are the two pathways involved in the aerobic oxidative system?
What are the two pathways involved in the aerobic oxidative system?
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Study Notes
Energy Sources of Muscles
- Muscles need energy to produce contractions, which is derived from ATP.
- ATP is present in limited quantities in muscles and needs to be resynthesized from other sources when depleted.
Sources of ATP
- Creatine phosphate (CP)
- Muscle glycogen
- Lipids (free fatty acids)
- ATP supplies energy for muscle contraction and active-transport Ca++ pumps in the SR.
Mechanisms of ATP Regeneration
- Creatine phosphate metabolism (Phosphagen System)
- Anaerobic glycolysis (Glycogen-lactic acid system)
- Aerobic respiration
Creatine Phosphate
- A molecule that stores energy in its phosphate bonds, lasting 120 seconds and beyond.
- Uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and proteins to make ATP.
- By-products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
- Free fatty acids in mitochondria of muscle fibers are transformed into acetyl CoA, used in ATP resynthesis.
Oxygen Debt
- Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen: oxygen that diffuses into muscle fibers from the blood and oxygen released by myoglobin within muscle fibers.
- Oxygen debt is the amount of additional oxygen required following exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions.
- Additional oxygen is required to replace oxygen on hemoglobin and myoglobin, replenish glycogen, ATP, and creatine phosphate, and convert lactic acid back to glucose (in the liver).
Effects of Exercise on Muscle
- Benefits of aerobic exercise include stronger, more flexible muscles, greater resistance to fatigue, improved aerobic respiration efficiency, and overall body metabolism.
- Aerobic exercise also enhances neuromuscular coordination, heart pumping ability, and lung gas exchange efficiency.
Aerobic Respiration
- Occurs in mitochondria, requires oxygen, and is the primary source of energy for exercise lasting longer than 10 minutes.
- Pyruvate is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and energy is used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
- 38 net ATP are produced for each glucose molecule.
- Triglycerides are also used for aerobic respiration and are the preferential fuel molecules for most skeletal muscle.
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