Energy Resources and Renewable Energy

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Questions and Answers

What is the major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions leading to climate change?

Rapid industrialization and population growth

Usage of renewable energy sources

Deforestation and cutting of trees

Burning of fossil fuels for energy (correct)

What percentage of the world's energy supply comes primarily from fossil fuels?

95%

75%

50%

87% (correct)

Why are non-conventional energy resources gaining importance?

Because of the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns (correct)

Due to the high cost of fossil fuels

Due to the abundance of fossil fuels

Because of the low energy density of fossil fuels

What is the main advantage of renewable energy sources in terms of running costs?

They have no running costs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using renewable energy sources for local communities?

Generation of local employment opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Government of India's energy policy?

To ensure adequate energy supply at minimum cost and self-sufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global installed generating capacity is generated from hydro resources?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated potential of energy from ocean tidal energy resources?

550 billion kW/year Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated power that can be harnessed from wind energy turbines?

1.6 × 10^5 MW Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated energy that can be supplied from biomass resources in a year?

2 × 10^21 J Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why nations are looking for non-conventional energy sources?

To meet the increasing energy demand in the future Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary energy resources?

They require processing and conversion before use Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary energy resources?

Primary resources are obtained from nature, while secondary resources are obtained from processing Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of energy?

The capacity of a substance or a body to do work Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy considered a key input in economic growth?

Because energy is a key factor in economic growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle made by the line joining the centres of the sun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane?

Declination Angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in India?

To develop new non-conventional sources of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between the sun's ray and normal to the horizontal plane?

Zenith Angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle formed between the direction of the sun ray and the line normal to the surface?

Incident Angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why India is encouraging the use of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE)?

To meet the growing demand for energy without depleting conventional energy sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the time when the sun is at the longitude of the place?

Solar Noon Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the sun's heat energy is maintained?

Continuous fusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for irradiance?

Watt per square meter Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between the projection of sun's ray to the point on the horizontal plane and line due south passing through that point?

Solar Azimuth Angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the earth's distance from the sun in terms of solar radiation?

It reduces the intensity of solar radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the second correction in determining LAT?

To account for fluctuations in the Earth's orbit and rate of rotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the instrument used to measure beam radiation?

Pyrheliometer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the thermopile in a pyranometer?

To absorb radiation of all wavelengths Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the circular guard plate in a pyranometer?

To prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the detector Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the shadow band or occulting disc in a pyranometer?

To measure diffuse radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thermopile?

To measure radiation in a linear manner Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the collimator tube in a pyrheliometer?

To collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the blackened strip in the Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer?

To achieve the same temperature as the sensitive solar detector strip Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the glass sphere in a sunshine recorder?

To focus sun's rays sharply as a spot on recording paper Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the overlapping pair of grooves in the bowl of a sunshine recorder?

To take care of different seasons of the year Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the Earth receives 7% more radiation on 21 March and 21 September as compared to 21 June and 22 December?

The square of the distance between the centres of the Earth and the sun affects the intensity of solar radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the Earth's axis during the months of September and March?

The Earth's axis remains perpendicular to the imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the sun Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the energy received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of the Earth's atmosphere?

Solar constant Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of radiation that reaches the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere and has a unique direction?

Beam radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the lines of latitude on a globe of the Earth?

Circles of different sizes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topic: Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Energy resources are the main sources of energy from which energy can be extracted and utilized for mankind.
Energy is a key input in economic growth, and the growth of a nation largely depends on the availability of energy resources.
Conventional energy resources (e.g., coal, wood, diesel, petrol, natural gas) are depleting and may last for only 5-6 decades.
There is a need to find non-conventional energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) to meet the major part of energy demand in the future.

Classification of Energy Resources

Primary energy resources: resources available in nature in their raw form (e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, hydropower).
Secondary energy resources: obtained from primary energy resources by processing (e.g., electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel, LNG, CNG).

Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources

Conventional energy resources: energy resources that have been traditionally used for many years (e.g., fossil fuels).
Non-conventional energy resources: alternate energy resources to conventional energy resources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal).

Need for Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro, geothermal) produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to mitigate climate change.
Advantages of renewable energy sources:
- Recur in nature and are inexhaustible.
- No fuel cost, hence negligible running cost.
- Low energy density, minimal pollution and ecological balance problems.
- Can help save foreign exchange and generate local employment.
- Flexible and modular technology, can be rapidly deployed.

Indian and Global Energy Resources

The world's energy supply primarily comes from fossil fuels (87%).
India's use of fossil fuels constitutes more than 90% of its total energy consumption.
Importance of non-conventional energy resources:
- Increasing demand for energy due to industrialization and population growth.
- Conventional energy resources are depleting fast.
- Conventional energy resources (fossil fuels) cause pollution, thereby degrading the environment.

Energy Policy in India

Features of India's energy policy:
- Accelerated exploitation of domestic conventional energy resources.
- Intensification of exploration to achieve indigenous production of oils and gases.
- Management of demand for oil and other forms of energy.
- Energy conservation and management.
- Optimum utilization of existing capacity in the country.
- Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy.

World Energy Status

Conventional resources:
- Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are a major source of energy.
- Hydro resources are renewable and non-polluting.
Non-conventional sources:
- Solar energy is a major source of power, with an estimated potential of 178 billion MW.
- Wind energy is the most economical energy resource.
- Biomass energy resources consist of wood, leaves, and forest industry waste.
- Geothermal energy has a potential of about 7704 MW installed electrical power generating capacity.

Indian Energy Scenario

India's energy scenario:
- Enormous demand for electricity due to economic growth.
- Government encouragement of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE) to meet growing demand.
- Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was set up to develop new non-conventional sources of energy.

Solar Radiation

The sun is the largest member of our solar system.
Solar energy is the radiated heat energy from the sun, providing energy needed to sustain life in our solar system.
Irradiance: the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a unit surface area.
Irradiation: the solar energy per unit surface area striking a body over a specified time.

Extra-terrestrial Radiation and Solar Constant

Extra-terrestrial radiation: solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the earth.
Solar constant: defined as the energy received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of earth's atmosphere.

Terrestrial Radiation

Terrestrial radiation: solar radiation that reaches earth's surface after passing through earth's atmosphere.
Beam radiation: solar radiation along the line joining the receiving point and the sun.
Diffuse radiation: solar radiation scattered by particles in earth's atmosphere.
Total or global radiation: the sum of beam radiation and diffuse radiation.

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude: the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
Longitude: measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Basic Sun-Earth Angles

Latitude: measures the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
Longitude: measures the distance east or west of the prime meridian.### Solar Angles
Declination Angle: the angle between the line joining the centers of the sun and the earth, and its projection on the equatorial plane, varying from +23.5° to -23.5°.
Hour Angle: the angle through which the earth must be rotated to bring the meridian of the plane directly under the sun, equal to 150° per hour.
Incident Angle: the angle between the beam of rays and the normal to the plane.
Tilt Angle: the angle made by the plane surface with the horizontal.
Zenith Angle: the angle between the sun's ray and the normal to the horizontal plane.
Solar Azimuth Angle: the angle between the projection of the sun's ray to the point on the horizontal plane and the line due south passing through that point.
Angle of Incidence: the angle formed between the direction of the sun ray and the line normal to the surface.
Surface Azimuth Angle: the angle in the horizontal plane between the line due south and the horizontal projection of the normal to the inclined plane surface.

Local Apparent Time (LAT)

LAT is the time used for determining the hour angle, depending on the longitude of the place.
LAT can be calculated from standard time by applying two corrections:
- Correction due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used.
- Time correction due to small fluctuations in the earth's orbit and rate of rotation.

Measurements of Solar Radiation Data

Solar radiation consists of two components: direct solar energy and diffuse solar energy.
Direct solar energy: energy reaching the earth's surface with the sun's beam, having high heat content and causing sunburn.
Diffuse solar energy: energy formed due to atmosphere attenuation, scattering, and beam redirection, propagating uniformly in all directions.

Measuring Solar Radiation Data

Global radiation: measured using a pyranometer.
Diffuse radiation: measured using a pyranometer with a shading ring to stop direct beam radiation.
Beam radiation: measured using a pyrheliometer.
Sunshine hours: measured using a sunshine recorder.

Pyranometer

A radiation energy measuring device designed to measure global or total radiation on a horizontal plane.
Can be used to measure radiation on an inclined plane.
Consists of a thermopile with a hot junction, a blackened circular surface exposed to radiation, and a cold junction shaded to prevent radiation.
Has a voltage output of approximately 9 µV/(W/m²) recorded on a chart paper.

Pyrheliometer

An instrument to measure beam radiation.
Has a narrow long tube (collimator tube) to collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence.
Has a tracker to keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays.
Three types of pyrheliometers are used: Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer, Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer, and Eppley pyrheliometer.

Sunshine Recorder

An instrument used to measure the duration of bright sunshine hours in a day.
Consists of a glass sphere mounted on its axis parallel to the axis of the earth, and a recording paper card.
The card has a special coated paper that burns a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it.
The length of the trace formed by the burn spots on the card paper is the measure of the duration of sunshine hours in a day.

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Description

Learn about the importance of energy resources, their depletion, and the shift towards renewable energy sources. Understand the conventional energy resources like coal, wood, diesel, petrol, and natural gas.