Questions and Answers
What type of energy is exhibited by a space station orbiting Earth?
kinetic energy
'Conservation of energy' refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
What process in the body converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
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What are the by-products of cellular respiration?
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In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
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Enzymes work by _____.
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What is an enzyme?
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What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
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As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
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What is the correct label for 'A' in a given diagram?
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The Haber process is typically carried out at what temperature?
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What happens to the rate of the forward reaction if the temperature is lowered to 100?
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What would happen to the rate of the forward reaction if the concentration of nitrogen were decreased?
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Which of the following would increase the rate of the reverse reaction?
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What will happen to the rates of the forward and reverse reactions when a catalyst is added?
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What is the term for the least product formed in a reaction?
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What is an enzyme considered when it loses its native conformation?
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What is an enzyme considered because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up?
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What term describes the ability of an enzyme to recognize the shape of a particular molecule?
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What binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis?
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What is formed when the enzyme and the substrate are properly aligned?
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Where does a substrate bind to an enzyme?
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How is a reactant often referred to in a catalyzed reaction?
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Select the highest energy form of adenosine from the following images.
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Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy?
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In this reaction, what can be said about the products?
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The reaction A --> B + C + heat is released in a(n) _____ reaction.
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What type of reaction occurs spontaneously?
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Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings?
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In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
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What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
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What does an increase in enzyme concentration do in a reaction?
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What must occur in order for the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to attach a particular amino acid to the tRNA molecule?
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How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?
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What does the binding of a product to an enzyme at a position remote from its active site do?
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How do living organisms increase in complexity as they grow in relation to the second law of thermodynamics?
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How is the ATPase acting if it is transporting calcium ions against the concentration gradient?
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Study Notes
Energy Concepts
- Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, exemplified by a space station in orbit.
- "Conservation of energy" states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
- Chemical energy is a type of potential energy stored in molecular bonds.
Biological Processes
- Cellular respiration converts chemical energy from glucose into ATP, the energy currency of cells.
- By-products of cellular respiration include heat, carbon dioxide, and water.
Enzyme Functionality
- Enzymes are proteins that act as organic catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy.
- They remain unchanged after reactions, engaging with substrates at their active sites, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
Reaction Dynamics
- The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are referred to as substrates, and their rate can be affected by various factors including temperature, concentration, and presence of inhibitors.
- Adding a catalyst increases both forward and reverse reaction rates without being consumed.
Thermodynamics of Reactions
- Exergonic reactions release energy, occur spontaneously, and result in products with lower potential energy than reactants.
- Endergonic reactions require energy input, are nonspontaneous, and are typically driven by ATP.
Energy Transfers
- ATP undergoes hydrolysis to release energy, specifically losing the terminal phosphate group.
- Energy coupling allows the energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic processes.
Enzyme Inhibition
- Competitive inhibitors, like malonic acid, compete with substrates for enzyme binding, reducing reaction rates.
- Noncompetitive inhibitors alter an enzyme's shape, decreasing its activity without competing for the active site.
Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms
- Allosteric inhibitors bind to enzymes at sites other than the active site, modulating their activity.
- Feedback regulation in enzymatic pathways helps control product synthesis, as seen when a product binds and deactivates an enzyme in the pathway.
Thermodynamics and Organism Growth
- While living organisms increase in complexity (decreasing their own entropy), they contribute to greater disorder in their environment, in line with the second law of thermodynamics.
ATPases and Calcium Transport
- ATP-driven pumps, known as ATPases, transport ions such as calcium across membranes against their concentration gradient, maintaining low intracellular calcium levels crucial for cellular functions.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to energy, including kinetic energy, conservation of energy, and chemical energy forms. It challenges your understanding of how energy is defined and transformed within various systems. Perfect for students learning about physics and energy principles.
