Energy Balance Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What defines energy balance?

  • Energy expenditure is greater than energy intake
  • Energy intake is reduced over time
  • Energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
  • Energy intake equals energy expenditure (correct)

Which of the following factors influences energy intake?

  • Genetics only
  • Metabolic rate exclusively
  • Type and amount of food consumed (correct)
  • Duration of physical activity

What does resting metabolic rate (RMR) primarily refer to?

  • Total calorie intake throughout the day
  • Calories burned during strenuous exercise
  • Energy needed for maintaining normal bodily functions (correct)
  • Energy consumed from food only

How does the thermic effect of food (TEF) affect daily energy expenditure?

<p>It is typically 8-10% of daily energy expenditure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

<p>Physical activity level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main hormonal characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

<p>Excess androgen production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone, when in low levels, can increase appetite and lead to overeating?

<p>Leptin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from a loss of muscle and fat tissue due to undernutrition?

<p>Wasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of deaths in children under 5 years of age in 2020 was attributed to undernutrition?

<p>45% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obesity is linked to an increased risk for which of the following conditions?

<p>High blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic disorder is characterized by an uncontrollable feeling of hunger?

<p>Prader-Willi syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a consequence of undernutrition?

<p>Heightened cognitive abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are micronutrient deficiencies primarily associated with?

<p>Deficiency of vitamins and minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type is commonly associated with weight gain?

<p>Corticosteroids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is NOT typically associated with obesity?

<p>Lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential pregnancy complication due to undernutrition?

<p>Preeclampsia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does undernutrition affect the immune system?

<p>It weakens it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of obesity in men?

<p>Low sperm count (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Obesity can result in which of the following pregnancy complications?

<p>Preeclampsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by impaired growth and cognitive deficits due to undernutrition?

<p>Stunting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can malabsorption lead to in relation to undernutrition?

<p>Deficiencies in essential nutrients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to a higher BMR due to increased muscle mass?

<p>Lean body mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes a slowdown in metabolism as people age?

<p>Loss of muscle tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gender and metabolism?

<p>Men have faster metabolisms than women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between BMR and RMR?

<p>BMR is the minimum calories needed for basic functions at rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible hormonal cause of obesity?

<p>Hypothyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environmental factors can affect BMR by requiring the body to work harder?

<p>Changes in environmental temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of genetics on metabolism?

<p>It can predispose individuals to varying metabolic rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical activity play in relation to BMR?

<p>It can increase muscle mass and therefore BMR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

<p>Severely restricted food intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is commonly associated with bulimia nervosa?

<p>Binge eating followed by purging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by a restrictive eating pattern not attributed to another medical condition?

<p>Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cachexia commonly associated with?

<p>A syndrome of wasting and weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can gastrointestinal disorders lead to undernutrition?

<p>By impairing absorption of nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect of cancer treatment can contribute to undernutrition?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does cancer employ that can deprive other cells of nutrients?

<p>Direct malnutrition caused by cancer cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can diarrhea related to gastrointestinal disorders affect nutrient status?

<p>It increases nutrient losses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Energy Balance

The state when energy intake from food and drinks equals energy expenditure through physical activity and bodily functions.

Energy Intake

The amount of energy we consume through food and drinks.

Energy Expenditure

The amount of energy we use up through physical activity and bodily functions.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Energy required to maintain basic body functions at rest.

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Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Energy used to digest, absorb, and process food.

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What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

The minimum number of calories required for basic functions at rest, measured in a specific controlled environment.

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What is Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

The number of calories your body burns while resting, measured under less strict conditions than BMR.

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How does body mass affect BMR?

The more muscle mass you have, the more energy your body needs to maintain it, leading to a higher BMR.

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How does age affect BMR?

Metabolism generally slows down with age due to changes in muscle mass, hormones, and neurological processes.

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How does body size affect BMR?

Individuals with a higher percentage of muscle tissue have a higher BMR due to increased metabolic activity.

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How does gender affect BMR?

Men generally have faster metabolisms than women, partly due to their larger body size and higher muscle mass.

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How do genetics affect BMR?

Genetic factors can influence an individual's metabolic rate, making some people naturally predisposed to higher or lower BMR.

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How does physical activity affect BMR?

Exercise increases muscle mass, which in turn elevates BMR as active muscles require more energy.

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Undernutrition

A serious condition caused by a lack of essential nutrients. It leads to various health issues like weakness, stunted growth, and weakened immunity.

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Wasting

Loss of muscle and fat tissue, leading to weakness, fatigue, and a compromised immune system.

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Stunting

Impaired growth and development, often resulting in cognitive and physical limitations.

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Micronutrient Deficiencies

Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, leading to health problems like anemia, goiter, and rickets.

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Increased risk of death from Undernutrition

A major cause of death in children under 5 years old, estimated to be responsible for 45% of deaths in this age group.

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Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system makes individuals more susceptible to infections, as the body struggles to fight off illnesses effectively.

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Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases

Increased risk of developing chronic diseases like heart disease, stroke, and cancer due to metabolic changes caused by undernutrition.

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Impaired Growth and Development

Undernutrition can cause impaired growth and development in children, leading to cognitive deficits, reduced physical stature, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

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What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

A hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by irregular periods, excess androgen production, and insulin resistance.

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What is Prader-Willi Syndrome?

A genetic disorder causing a constant feeling of hunger and difficulty controlling appetite, leading to weight gain.

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What is leptin and what does it do?

A hormone produced by fat cells, signaling to the brain about fullness. Low levels can lead to increased appetite and overeating.

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What is ghrelin and what does it do?

A hormone produced by the stomach, signaling to the brain about hunger. High levels can lead to increased appetite and overeating.

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How can medications contribute to weight gain?

Certain medications, like corticosteroids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics, can affect metabolism, appetite, or fluid balance, resulting in weight gain.

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What are some health risks associated with obesity?

Obesity significantly increases the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, osteoarthritis, and infertility.

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How does obesity affect pregnancy?

Obesity can increase the risk of pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

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How is mental health affected by obesity?

Obesity can lead to mental health problems like depression and anxiety.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and severely restricted food intake. Individuals with this disorder often have a very low body weight and may experience various medical complications related to undernutrition.

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Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise. People with this disorder may have a normal weight or be overweight, but their purging behaviors put them at risk of undernutrition.

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Cachexia

A syndrome characterized by wasting and weakness that commonly occurs with cancer. This syndrome is caused by a complex interplay of factors, including inflammation, loss of appetite, and hormonal imbalances.

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Malabsorption

A condition where the body's ability to absorb nutrients from food is impaired, often due to damage to the lining of the small intestine caused by disorders like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

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Increased Nutrient Losses

The loss of excessive fluids and electrolytes along with nutrients through diarrhea, a common symptom of gastrointestinal disorders like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

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Direct Malnutrition

Cancer cells consume large amounts of nutrients, potentially depriving other cells of the nutrients they need. This can contribute to undernutrition in individuals with cancer.

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Side Effects of Cancer Treatment

Certain cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can lead to nutrient losses and undernutrition.

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Pica

A condition where the intake of non-food substances like dirt, paint, or chalk occurs. This can lead to undernutrition due to the consumption of non-nutritive material instead of food.

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Study Notes

Energy Balance

  • Energy balance is the state where energy intake equals energy expenditure
  • This concept shows how body weight changes over time based on intake and expenditure.
  • When these are in balance, body weight stays stable.
  • A positive energy balance means energy consumed is greater than energy expended, leading to weight gain.
  • A negative energy balance means energy consumed is less than energy expended, leading to weight loss.

Definition of Energy Intake

  • Energy intake is the amount of energy a person takes in through food and drinks
  • It's influenced by the type and amount of food consumed, and the frequency of eating.

Definition of Energy Expenditure

  • Energy expenditure is the amount of energy spent through physical activity, and bodily functions.
  • It's influenced by the amount of exercise, and metabolism (the body's rate of converting food to energy).
  • Factors influencing metabolism include age, sex, and genetics.

Components of Energy Expenditure

  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): the energy expenditure needed for maintaining normal bodily functions and homeostasis. Accounts for 60-75% of total energy expenditure
  • Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): the energy required for digesting, absorbing and metabolizing food. Accounts for 5-10% of total energy expenditure.
  • Physical Activity: the energy used from movement like exercise. Accounts for 15-30% of total energy expenditure.

Factors Affecting BMR

  • Body Composition: Lean body mass (especially muscle mass) requires more energy to maintain, thus contributing to a higher BMR.
  • Age: Metabolism generally slows with age due to loss of muscle tissue and changes in hormonal and neurological processes.
  • Body Size: Larger bodies with more metabolizing tissue have higher BMR.
  • Gender: Men generally have faster metabolisms (higher BMR) than women, partly due to their larger size.
  • Genetics: Genetic predisposition can partly determine metabolic rate.
  • Hormonal Factors: Hormonal imbalances(e.g. hypo/hyperthyroidism) affect metabolism, influencing BMR.
  • Environmental Factors: Temperature changes can affect BMR as the body works harder to maintain its normal temperature.
  • Drugs: Certain substances (e.g. caffeine, nicotine) can increase BMR, while some medications can affect metabolism.
  • Physical Activity: Increases muscle mass, thus increasing BMR.

BMR vs RMR

  • BMR and RMR are similar, but BMR is measured under more strict conditions
  • BMR is measured in a darkened room, after 8 hours of sleep and 12 hours of fasting and in a resting or reclining position. RMR has fewer restrictions and is easier/quicker to measure.

Male & Female Resting Metabolic Rate

  • An equation is used to estimate BMR
  • Values for weight, height, and age are inputted for the calculation

Obesity

  • Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater.
  • BMI is used to determine if a person is maintaining a healthy body weight.
  • Body composition assessments (e.g. underwater weighing, BIA, DXA, Bod Pod, skinfolds, waist circumference) are ways to measure healthy body weight.

BMI Values and Weight Status

  • A table showing BMI values and their corresponding weight statuses.

Causes of Obesity

  • Genetics: Some people are genetically more predisposed to obesity.
  • Diet: Eating too much calorie-dense food and drinks is a major cause of obesity
  • Physical Activity: Lack of exercise can contribute to obesity.

Medical Conditions Associated with Obesity

  • Hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels).
  • Cushing Syndrome (high cortisol levels)
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
  • Prader-Willi Syndrome.
  • Other eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia as well as conditions associated with malabsorption.

Under-nutrition

  • Under-nutrition, involves having too little of essential nutrients.
  • It can lead to several health problems, including wasting, stunting and micronutrient deficiencies (e.g. anaemia, goiter, rickets).
  • It is a major cause of child mortality.

Causes of Undernutrition

  • Malabsorption (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease).
  • Anorexia Nervosa (an eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of weight gain, resulting in severely restricted food intake).
  • Bulimia Nervosa(an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors, such as vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise).
  • Other eating disorders (e.g. avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), pica)
  • Cancer (Cancer cells consuming a lot of nutrients, leaving limited supply to other tissues and cells)
  • Chronic infections (such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria increase metabolic demands and diminish the body's capacity to absorb essential nutrients.)
  • Gastrointestinal disorders(such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)

Health Consequences of Under-nutrition

  • Impaired growth and development.
  • Weakened immune system
  • Increased risk of chronic conditions(e.g., heart disease, stroke, cancer)
  • Pregnancy complications(such as preeclampsia, low birth weight and miscarriage)

Malnutrition

  • Malnutrition refers to a nutrient imbalance, which can take the form of having too little or too much nutrient intake.
  • Undernutrition is more common than overnutrition in developing countries.

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Energy Balance (Obesity, Undernutrition, Malnutrition) PDF

Description

Explore the principles of energy balance, including definitions of energy intake and expenditure. Understand how these concepts affect body weight and the influence of various factors on metabolism and energy usage.

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