Energy Balance and Imbalance Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of energy balance in human nutrition?

To decrease the metabolic rate permanently

To eliminate all stored fat from the body

To increase body weight significantly

To compare energy intake with energy expenditure (correct)

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between energy and fat storage?

Excess energy is stored as fat in the body. (correct)

1 pound of fat equates to 5000 kcalories.

Energy balance does not affect body weight.

Adipose tissue is primarily composed of carbohydrates.

What are potential consequences of energy imbalance due to insufficient intake?

Symptoms may include hair loss and depression. (correct)

Improved immune response and health.

Decreased vulnerability to infection.

Weight gain and increased muscle mass.

Malnutrition can occur due to which of the following:

An imbalance or deficiency in nutrient intake. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a long-term effect of significant energy imbalance?

Development of nutrient deficiency symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food-seeking behavior?

Hunger Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling satiety and inhibiting food intake?

Cholecystokinin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a physiological influence on hunger?

Time of day Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in food intake regulation?

Initiates food-seeking behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of food is most likely to promote feelings of fullness and satiety during a meal?

Protein-rich foods Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal?

Satiety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence a person's appetite?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between low-energy density foods and satiety?

They tend to be more satiating Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the energy required to maintain bodily functions while at complete rest?

Basal Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which component of energy expenditure is considered the most variable and changeable?

Physical Activity Signup and view all the answers

What percentage is usually estimated for the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) related to total energy intake?

10% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the amount of energy expended during physical activity?

Emotional state Signup and view all the answers

How does the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) differ between high-protein and high-fat foods?

TEF is greater for high-protein foods. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

Energy use at complete rest with no recent food intake. Signup and view all the answers

In what condition is the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) typically measured?

At rest without stringent food intake criteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to thermogenesis when considering energy expenditure?

Energy expended during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of energy expenditure is considered the least consistent among individuals?

Physical Activity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when estimating energy requirements?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of central obesity?

Increased risk of heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which body shape is typically associated with lower heart disease risks?

Pear shape Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of waist circumference measurement is significant for health assessment?

Waist circumference is predictive of health risks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding Body Mass Index (BMI) is accurate?

BMI does not differentiate between muscle and fat mass. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is likely to have the highest energy requirements?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes individuals with an 'apple' body shape?

Concentration of fat around the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting energy requirements?

Environmental temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using waist circumference in health risk assessment?

It is a preferred method for assessing central obesity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these health issues is NOT directly associated with being underweight?

Diabetes, type II Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between body weight and disease risk?

Body weight and fat distribution are correlated with disease risk. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a significant health risk for individuals classified as obese?

Higher likelihood of disability in later years. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does chronic inflammation relate to metabolic syndrome?

It is linked to weight gain and the location of stored fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the economic implications of being overweight or obese?

Elevated medical costs. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly influence the risk of chronic diseases in individuals?

Caloric intake solely without regard to type. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of BMI in assessing health risks?

Fitness levels can vary widely at different BMIs. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Balance

Energy balance is the energy (kcalories) consumed from foods and beverages compared with the energy expended through metabolic processes and physical activities.
Excess energy is stored as fat, which is used for energy between meals.
One pound of fat equals 3500 kcals.
This differs based on gender and weight.

Energy Imbalance

A deficiency of energy intake can lead to undereating and symptoms such as becoming extremely thin, losing muscle tissue, and becoming prone to infection and disease.
An excess of energy can lead to obesity and vulnerability to diseases associated with overnutrition like heart disease and diabetes.
A deficiency of a nutrient can lead to several symptoms such as skin rashes, depression, hair loss, bleeding gums, muscle spasms, night blindness.

Energy In: The kcals Foods Provide

Appetite is the integrated response to the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating.
Hunger is the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food seeking behavior.
Factors influencing hunger are the presence or absence of nutrients in the bloodstream, the size and composition of the preceding meal, physical activity, hormones, and illnesses.

Food Intake

Hypothalamus is a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
Satiation is the feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating.
Satiety is the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal.

Factors That Influence Eating

External cues include factors that contribute to an individual’s eating habits like the time of day, availability, sight, and taste of food.
Environmental influences include large portions, favorite foods, an abundance or variety of foods.
Cognitive influences are the actions that an individual takes for reasons other than hunger such as eating because of stress, anxiety, or boredom.

Nutrient Composition for Sustained Satiation and Satiety

Protein is the most satiating because it provides feelings of fullness and satiety.
Fructose in sugary drinks may stimulate appetite and increase food intake.
Low-energy density foods, such as high-fiber foods, are more satiating.
High-fat foods provide strong satiety signals, but little satiation during a meal, which may lead to overconsumption.

Energy Out

Thermogenesis is the generation of heat and is used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expending.
Total energy expenditure is affected by:
Basal Metabolism: energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest.
Physical Activity: voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles.
Thermic Effect of Food (TEF): energy required to process food.

Basal Metabolism

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy used for metabolism under specific conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a measure of energy use for a person at rest in a comfortable setting, with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity.

Physical Activity

Physical activity is the most variable component of energy expenditure and is the most changeable component of daily energy expenditure.
The amount of energy expended depends on muscle mass, body weight, and activity.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

TEF is an estimation of the energy required to process food.
It is also called the specific dynamic effect (SDE) of food or the specific dynamic activity (SDA) of food.
It is usually estimated at 10% of energy intake.

Estimating Energy Requirements

Equations developed by the DRI Committee account for gender, growth, age, physical activity, and body composition and body size.

Body Composition

Body Composition is the proportion of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissues that make up a person’s total body weight.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI is a measure of relative weight for height.
It does not assess body composition.

Body Fat and Its Distribution

How much of weight is fat and where it is located are important for disease risk.
Visceral fat, stored around the organs of the abdomen, contributes to heart disease, cancers, diabetes, and related deaths.
Subcutaneous fat, stored directly under the skin, is associated with lower heart disease risks.

Waist Circumference

A waist circumference of >40 inches for men and >35 for women indicates central obesity.
Waist circumference is a preferred method for assessing central obesity.

Common Methods Used to Assess Body Fat

Several methods exist to assess body fat, including:
Skinfold measurements
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
Underwater weighing
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Health Risks Associated with Body Weight and Body Fat

Body weight and fat distribution correlate with disease risk and life expectancy.
Risks associated with being underweight include fighting against wasting diseases, menstrual irregularities and infertility, osteoporosis and bone fractures.
Risks associated with being overweight include heart disease, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, some cancers, gallbladder disease, kidney stones, respiratory problems.

BMI and Mortality

Higher BMI is associated with lower life expectancy.

Risks Associated with Being Overweight and Obese

Obesity is a designated disease with an increased risk of disability, higher medical costs, and premature death.

Specific Disease Risks

Cardiovascular disease, diabetes—type II, and cancer are all associated with increased body weight

Inflammation and the Metabolic Syndrome

Chronic inflammation is linked to weight gain and the location of stored fat.
It can lead to insulin resistance and increased inflammation.
This cluster of symptoms increases the risk for other chronic diseases.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of energy balance and imbalance, detailing how energy intake from foods and beverages compares to energy expenditure. It discusses the consequences of both energy deficiency and excess, along with the implications for health and nutrition.