Endospore-Forming Prokaryotes and Bacillus Anthracis Quiz

bacilli, cocci, and spirilla

binary fission

to enclose the DNA and portion of cytoplasm during unfavorable conditions

<p>Archaea lack pep­tidoglycan in their cell walls and their membranes contain different lipids than Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the genetic material of living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and Archaea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptidoglycan is a polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounds the cell membrane of bacteria, protecting the cell from injury and determining its shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes help to recycle dead organic material and enrich the soil. They also live closely with plants and animals, and may even outnumber human cells in the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Europeans unwittingly brought infectious diseases, such as smallpox, cholera, and influenza, which the native peoples had no immunity to. These diseases devastated indigenous civilizations in just decades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes are found everywhere and actually dominate the planet. Most of the time, their actions are harmless or even helpful, but they can also cause harm when they find an ideal host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A retrovirus like HIV makes a DNA copy of itself that inserts into the host's DNA, while a cold virus does not insert into the host's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses cause disease by directly destroying living cells or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and destroy weakened or inactivated virus particles before they can cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral evolution is one of the reasons a new flu shot is needed every year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some diseases are caused by viruses, while others are caused by bacteria that infect food and drinking water. Malaria is caused by a unicellular eukaryote carried by mosquitoes in tropical regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the microbes responsible for diseases can help in developing effective ways to cure or prevent them, as well as in developing vaccines and other preventive measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses replicate by invading host cells and using their machinery to produce more viruses, which can damage or destroy the host cells. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and diseases depending on the type of virus and the affected host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus is a tiny infectious agent that replicates inside living cells. It was first discovered in 1892 by Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovski, who showed that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was found in a liquid extracted from infected plants. Dutch scientist Martinus Beijerinck later named these particles viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stanley concluded that viruses were not truly alive because living organisms do not crystallize. Biologists still recognize this conclusion as valid today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus is a nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids. It differs from living cells in terms of size, structure, and the fact that it can only reproduce by infecting living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most viruses have proteins on their surfaces that bind to receptors on a cell, which trick the cell to take in the virus. Inside living cells, viruses use their genetic information to reproduce. Lytic infections immediately replicate, while lysogenic infections persist in an inactive state within the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computer viruses and viruses that infect living cells both enter a system and reproduce by making copies of themselves, and can even spread to other systems or cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lytic infection involves a virus entering a bacterial cell, making copies of itself, and causing the cell to burst, while a lysogenic infection involves viral nucleic acid being inserted into the host cell's DNA, where it is replicated along with the host DNA without damaging the host. The virus then becomes active under certain environmental triggers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriophage DNA that becomes embedded in the bacterial host's DNA is called a prophage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 70 percent of viruses contain RNA instead of DNA. RNA viruses cause a wide range of infections in humans, including colds, influenza, AIDS, and certain types of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV is an RNA virus called human immunodeficiency virus that belongs to a group of RNA viruses called retroviruses. The genetic information of retroviruses is copied from RNA to DNA, and may become inserted into the DNA of the host cell. HIV attacks the immune system, weakening it over time and leading to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation is a process where a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells and genetic material, usually in the form of a plasmid, moves from one cell to the other. This transfer of genes increases genetic diversity in populations of prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen fixation is the process where nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into useful forms by prokaryotes. This process provides up to 90 percent of the nitrogen used by other organisms. Some plants have vital symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes, which convert nitrogen in the air into the nitrogen compounds essential for plant growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes are essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world. They act as decomposers, producers, and nitrogen fixers, providing raw materials for other organisms to survive and grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations are one of the main ways prokaryotes evolve. In prokaryotes, mutations are inherited by daughter cells produced by binary fission. Since many prokaryotes reproduce asexually, mutations can accumulate and contribute to the evolution of the population over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes, especially bacteria, are used in the production of a wide variety of foods and other commercial products. For example, yogurt is produced by the bacterium Lactobacillus. Some bacteria can even digest petroleum and remove human-made waste products and poisons from water. Others are used to synthesize drugs and chemicals through the techniques of genetic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The microbiome is a huge collection of prokaryotic genomes that rivals the human genome in size and complexity. Bacteria live on the skin, on the hair, inside the mouth and nose, and especially inside our digestive systems. In a typical human intestine there may be as many as 30 trillion bacteria belonging to 150 different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes play many important roles in the environment. Cyanobacteria in the ocean provide oxygen to the atmosphere and food for ocean food chains. Rhizobium nodules on soybean roots convert atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds. This great diversity of microorganisms helps us to digest food, synthesizes certain vitamins, and maintains a balance that is important to good health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria produce disease in one of two general ways. Bacteria disrupt health and cause disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis. Some bacteria destroy living cells and tissues of the infected organism directly, while some cause the immune system to overreact, causing it to attack the body's own tissues. Other bacteria release toxins (poisons) that interfere with the normal activity of the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to recycle dead organic material and live closely with plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The native populations were exposed to infectious diseases to which they had no immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human body may be home to more bacterial cells than human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco mosaic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martinus Beijerinck, virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert nitrogen gas into useful forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce purified water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert nitrogen gas into useful forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endospore</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slime layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their DNA is located in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounds the cell membrane of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and Archaea have different cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects the cell from damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the virus before it can cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A retrovirus makes a DNA copy of itself that inserts into the host's DNA, while a cold virus does not insert into the host's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through hand-to-mouth contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the virus particles from reproducing in the host's body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain genetic information in the form of RNA or DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the virus from the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections involve the virus immediately replicating while lysogenic infections involve the virus remaining dormant inside the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By fusing with the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections cause the host cell to burst, while lysogenic infections insert viral DNA into the host cell's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus that copies its RNA into DNA and may become inserted into the DNA of the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The host cell bursts and releases hundreds of virus particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus replicates itself using the host cell's machinery before the host cell releases hundreds of new virus particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of prokaryotic genomes that rivals the human genome in size and complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory that bacteria are responsible for a number of human and animal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to digest food, synthesize certain vitamins, and maintain a balance that is important to good health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Native Americans were exposed to previously unknown diseases and had no immunity, resulting in devastating consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enrich the soil and recycle dead organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human body may be home to more bacterial cells than human cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of prokaryotic genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their DNA is located in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the cell from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dmitri Ivanovski</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martinus Beijerinck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wendell Stanley</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes a DNA copy of itself that inserts into the host's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flu virus evolves quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulating the host's immune system to recognize and destroy the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By disrupting the body's normal homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only a few organisms, all of them prokaryotes, can convert N2 into useful forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They break down dead organisms to supply raw materials to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds essential for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea cell walls lack pep­tidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration, fermentation, or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission, which does not involve the exchange or recombination of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain a protein coat known as a capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They trick the cell into taking them in by binding to receptors on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections involve the virus immediately replicating, while lysogenic infections involve the virus persisting in an inactive state within the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the virus from the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a lytic infection, a virus enters a bacterial cell and causes it to burst, while in a lysogenic infection, the viral nucleic acid is inserted into the host cell's DNA and is replicated along with the host DNA without damaging the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus settles on a cell, often in the lining of the nose, and is brought inside the cell. The host cell's ribosomes translate the viral RNA into capsids and other viral proteins. These proteins assemble around copies of viral RNA, and within eight hours, the host cell releases hundreds of new virus particles to infect other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic information of a retrovirus is copied from RNA to DNA, and may become inserted into the DNA of the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bacteriophage inserts its DNA into a bacterial cell, while a retrovirus copies its RNA into DNA and inserts it into the host cell's DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a lytic infection, the virus injects its DNA into the host cell and causes it to burst, while in a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA becomes part of the host cell's DNA and can remain dormant for many generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HIV virus is an RNA retrovirus that copies its genetic information into the host cell's DNA, where it can remain dormant or cause the host cell to produce more virus particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a lytic infection, the host cell is immediately taken over and destroyed by the virus, while in a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA becomes part of the host cell's DNA and can remain dormant for many generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a lytic infection, the virus immediately takes over the host cell and causes it to burst, while in a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA becomes part of the host cell's DNA and can remain dormant for many generations until environmental factors trigger it to become active, potentially causing the host cell to burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recycle dead organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exposed Native Americans to deadly infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human body may be home to more bacterial cells than human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cubilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malaria is caused by a parasite and transmitted through contact with infected blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections involve the destruction of the host cell while lysogenic infections do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate viral DNA into the host cell's genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wendell Stanley</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are made up of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They use proteins on their surface to bind to receptors on the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections involve the virus replicating immediately, while lysogenic infections persist in an inactive state within the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses are not truly alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make a RNA copy of themselves that inserts into the host's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and destroy the viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flu virus evolves rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They affect cellular processes and upset homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria and Archaea are different groups with distinct characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the cell from injury and determine its shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and their DNA is located directly in the cytoplasm while eukaryotes have a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses developed after living cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysogenic infection involves viral DNA being inserted into host DNA, while lytic infection involves the virus making copies of itself and causing the cell to burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus settles on a cell, is brought inside the cell, and then the host cell's ribosomes translate the viral RNA into capsids and other viral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert nitrogen gas into useful forms for other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It grows in nodules on the roots of legume plants and converts nitrogen in the air into the nitrogen compounds essential for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be linked to abnormal microbiomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers