Endospore-Forming Prokaryotes and Bacillus Anthracis Quiz

<p>Isolated crystals of tobacco mosaic virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to break down dead organic material and enrich the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the spread of infectious diseases that decimated indigenous civilizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human body may be home to more bacterial cells than human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce chemicals that can be used as fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert nitrogen gas into useful forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds essential for plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their cell walls are made of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polymer of sugars and amino acids in the cell walls of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than Bacteria are</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses may have evolved from the genetic material of living cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inserts a RNA copy of itself into the host's DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and destroy viruses before they can cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By attacking and destroying certain cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses can regulate gene expression and evolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing oxygen to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of prokaryotic genomes in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They convert atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal microbiomes can cause disorders such as diabetes and obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria cell walls contain pep­tidoglycan, while Archaea cell walls do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cubilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A structure that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The viral nucleic acid that is inserted into the host cell's DNA during lysogenic infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The host cell's ribosomes translate the viral RNA into capsids and other viral proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they do not crystallize</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infections immediately destroy the host cell, while lysogenic infections persist in an inactive state within the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By tricking the cell to take in the virus through proteins on the virus surface that bind to receptors on the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses are not truly alive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have proteins on their surfaces that bind to receptors on a cell, tricking the cell to take in the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic infection and lysogenic infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation and mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides up to 90 percent of the nitrogen used by other organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They maintain the ecological balance of the living world and are essential decomposers and producers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacillus anthracis, which forms endospores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bacilli, cocci, and spirilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell walls of Archaea lack pep­tidoglycan and their membranes contain different lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most prokaryotes reproduce by the process of binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endospores are a thick internal wall that encloses the DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm. They can remain dormant for months or even years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes help to recycle dead organic material, such as when they break down a dead tree to help enrich the soil. Microbes known as bacteria also live closely with plants and animals, and the human body may be home to more bacterial cells than human cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unwittingly, Europeans brought along infectious diseases like smallpox, cholera, and influenza, which had a devastating impact on the native populations who had no immunity to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic organisms, or microbes, dominate the planet and are found everywhere from the cleanest home to the most extreme environments on earth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In a lytic infection, the virus enters a bacterial cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst. In a lysogenic infection, the viral nucleic acid is inserted into the host cell's DNA and may remain there for many generations, until environmental triggers cause it to become active and turn into a lytic infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus settles on a host cell, often in the lining of the nose, and is brought inside the cell. The host cell's ribosomes translate the viral RNA into capsids and other viral proteins. These proteins assemble around copies of viral RNA, and within eight hours, the host cell releases hundreds of new virus particles to infect other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV is a retrovirus, which means that its genetic information is copied from RNA to DNA and may become inserted into the DNA of the host cell. Once inside the host cell, it uses the host's cellular machinery to replicate itself and can remain dormant for many years before causing damage to the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basic patterns of viral infection are similar in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells. In both cases, the virus enters the host cell and uses its machinery to replicate itself. However, the details of viral infections in eukaryotic cells differ in many ways from those in bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The microbiome is a collection of prokaryotic genomes that live in and on the human body, and it plays important roles in digestion, vitamin synthesis, and maintaining a balance that is important to good health. There is growing evidence that disorders such as diabetes, obesity, and even cancer can be linked to abnormal microbiomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria can produce disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis. Some bacteria destroy living cells and tissues of the infected organism directly, while some cause the immune system to overreact, causing it to attack the body's own tissues. Other bacteria release toxins (poisons) that interfere with the normal activity of the host. Common human diseases caused by bacteria include tuberculosis, cholera, strep throat, and Lyme disease, among others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes, especially bacteria, are used in the production of a wide variety of foods and other commercial products. For example, yogurt is produced by the bacterium Lactobacillus. Some bacteria can even digest petroleum and remove human-made waste products and poisons from water. Others are used to synthesize drugs and chemicals through the techniques of genetic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes play important roles in the environment, such as providing oxygen to the atmosphere and food for ocean food chains. They also help us to digest food, synthesize certain vitamins, and maintain a balance that is important to good health. Examples of these roles include cyanobacteria in the ocean providing oxygen to the atmosphere and food for ocean food chains, and Rhizobium nodules on soybean roots converting atmospheric nitrogen into useful compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroviruses make a DNA copy of themselves that inserts into the host's DNA, where it may remain inactive for many cell cycles before making new virus particles and damaging the cells of the host's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to recognize and destroy weakened or inactivated virus particles before they can cause disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses cause disease by directly destroying living cells or by affecting cellular processes in ways that upset homeostasis. They may attack and destroy certain cells in the body, cause infected cells to change growth and development patterns, and sometimes lead to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral evolution is the process by which viruses change and adapt over time. It is one of the reasons we need a new flu shot every year and it underscores the importance of ongoing research and development of antiviral drugs to combat new strains of viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus is a microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells of organisms, while a bacterium is a unicellular microorganism that has a cell wall and can reproduce on its own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivanovski showed that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was found in the liquid extracted from infected plants, while Beijerinck suggested that tiny particles in the juice caused the disease and named these particles viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lytic infection is a viral replication cycle that results in the destruction of the infected cell, while a lysogenic infection is a viral replication cycle in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA and is passed on to daughter cells during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is debate among scientists about whether viruses can be considered living things since they cannot replicate on their own and require a host cell to do so.</p> Signup and view all the answers