Endoscopy and Surgical Interventions Quiz

Endoscopy Exam Notes

• Endoscopy: A procedure used to view and operate on internal organs and vessels. It's not limited to the digestive system.
• When Endoscopy is used: Investigation of symptoms, performing certain types of surgery, removing small tissue samples for analysis.
• Investigating Symptoms (examples): Vomiting blood, difficulty swallowing, persistent diarrhoea, persistent abdominal pain, unexplained vomiting, unexplained weight loss, heart related issues.
• Types of Endoscopy: Laparoscopy (abdomen/pelvis), Hysteroscopy (uterus), Cystoscopy (bladder), Gastroscopy (upper GI), Colonoscopy (colon), Sigmoidoscopy (colon), ERCP (pancreatic/bile ducts), Bronchoscopy (lungs), Laryngoscopy (larynx), Arthroscopy (joints), Nasopharyngoscopy, Otoscopy (ear).
• Why use Endoscopy?: Diagnosing and treating conditions such as bleeding source, polyps, abnormal tissues, inflammatory bowel diseases.
• Advantages of Endoscopy: Less invasive than open surgery, allows for descriptive and photographic documentation, low morbidity and mortality.
• Disadvantages of Endoscopy: Only views the surface of the organ, only views small area at a time.
• Capsule Endoscopy: A small video capsule swallowed to examine the digestive tract.
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Combines endoscopy and X-rays to visualize structures in the biliary and pancreatic tract.
• Endoscopic Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the digestive and lung systems.
• Marrow-land Imaging: Uses filtered light for better visualization of internal organs.
• Chromolendoscopy: Uses dyes to identify lesions before endoscopy.

Endoscopy B

• Da Vinci Surgical System: Offers robot assistance for improved dexterity, control, and reduced hospital stays.
• Endoscopy Used To: Diagnose Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, stomach ulcers, chronic constipation, pancreatitis, gallstones, tumors, and infections.
• Therapeutic Procedures: Injections, clips, removal of foreign bodies, dilation of strictures, stenting, feeding tubes, Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG).

Endoscopy C

• Gastroscopy Reliability: A reliable method for diagnosing digestive tract conditions like ulcers, infections, and various cancers. It also identifies underlying causes of indigestion.
• Indications for Colonoscopy: Constipation, abdominal pain, post-polypectomy surveillance, bleeding per rectum, unexplained anemia, weight loss, thickened colon wall, primary tumors, or malignancy.
• Procedure effectiveness: The effectiveness of the procedure can be influenced by certain anatomical challenges such as elongated sigmoid colon, adhesions, and mobility of the colon.
• Risks of Colonoscopy: Perforations, bleeding into blood vessels.

Endoscopy D

• Anal Canal: A short section of the digestive tract, where the anal verge meets the dentate line
• Pathology (in Colonoscopy): A broad category of possible findings, including diverticulosis, diverticulitis, polyps, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), angiodysplasia, and radiation colitis.
• Procedure Technique(s): Scope insertion, retroflexion, water or air infusion
• Terminal Ileum (TI): Involves examining the left part of the scope, using air suction and visualizing the TI
• Enteroscopy: A procedure used to examine parts of the small intestines that cannot be accessed easily by other methods, important for conditions like bleeding and tumors
• Uses: Diagnosing and treating conditions in the small intestines

Endoscopy E

• Therapeutic Bronchoscopy: Insertion of endotracheal tubes for general anesthesia and extension of the neck, controlling or stopping bleeding within the bronchial tree, use of fogarty or other balloon catheters/catheters.
• Complications: Pneumothorax, haemorrhage, hypoxaemia, bronchospasm in asthmatics.
• Bronchoscopy Preparations: Patient fasting 6-12 hours before, minimal fluid intake and no smoking.
• Contraindications: Uncorrectable bleeding tendency, tracheal stenosis, uncorrectable hypoxemia, hypercapnia, unstable myocardium.
• Treatment: Stent therapy, Laser therapy, argon beam coagulation, brachytherapy

Endoscopy F

• ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography): A specialized procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, and liver. It combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy.
• Therapeutic Indications (ERCP): Sphincterotomy, stone removal, stent placement, balloon dilation, tissue sampling.
• Preparation for ERCP: The patient is prepared with fasting before the procedure, and any jewelry or dentures that might interfere are removed.
• Potential Complications (ERCP): Bleeding, pancreatitis, perforation.

Endoscopy G

• Cystoscopy: A procedure used to examine the bladder and urethra, typically uses a thin, tube-like instrument.
• Indications for Cystoscopy: Frequent urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, frequent and urgent need to urinate, unusual cells in urine, painful urination, chronic pelvic pain, urinary blockage, abnormal narrowing in the urinary tract, stones in the urinary bladder, and uncommon growths.
• Contraindications: Active urinary tract infection, severe urethral strictures, severe coagulopathies, recent bladder or urethral disorders, pregnancy, severe cardio-respiratory problems.
• Types: Rigid Cystoscopy (larger instrument) and flexible Cystoscopy (more flexible).
• Procedures: Biopsies of lesions, cystogram, evaluation and removal of obstructions in the urinary tract, bladder neck incision, coagulation of hemangiomas, removing foreign bodies, hematuria.

Endoscopy H

• Proctoscopy: A procedure to examine the rectum and anal canal using a short, flexible instrument.
• **Purpose of Proctoscopy-To detect diseases of the rectum and/or anus; evaluate abnormal results from blood cultures, monitor growth of polyps, determine cause of rectal bleeding; and to verify prior surgery treatment for rectal cancer.
• Procedure: A thin, flexible instrument is inserted into the rectum, while images/real-time of the area are projected on a screen.
• Potential Complications: Heavy blood loss, difficulty urinating, and/or severe pain.

Test your knowledge on endoscopy procedures, indications, contraindications, and complications with this quiz. Questions cover a range of topics including cystoscopy, colonoscopy, and the use of advanced systems like the Da Vinci Surgical System. Perfect for medical students and professionals alike.