L3 (T3): Endometrial carcinoma
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common type of adenocarcinoma in endometrial cancer?

  • Clear cell adenocarcinoma
  • Serous adenocarcinoma
  • Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (correct)
  • Squamous cell adenocarcinoma

    • What staging system is usually used for gynaecological tumors like endometrial carcinoma?

  • FIGO staging system (correct)
  • TNM staging system
  • Brussels staging system
  • Lyon staging system

    • What is the precursor lesion of endometrioid cancer?

  • Atypical hyperplasia (correct)
  • Dysplasia
  • Carcinoma in situ
  • Metaplasia

    • What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Postmenopausal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the higher mortality rate in African American women with endometrial carcinoma?

    <p>Later stage at diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tumor grading in endometrial carcinoma reflect?

    <p>Degree of resemblance to parent tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has been contributing to the increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the last ten years?

    <p>Excess body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer in women?

    <p>Postmenopausal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for grading neoplasms like endometrial carcinoma?

    <p>Microscopic examination of tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for endometrial cancer among the listed options?

    <p>Excess body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do over 80% of women with endometrial cancer present with?

    <p>Postmenopausal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is endometrial cancer considered as one disease or several?

    <p>Several</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can a preinvasive dysplastic lesion be recognized in endometrial cancer?

    <p>Yes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors inform the behavior of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Parameters which predict behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age standardized incidence rate of endometrial cancer in the UK from 1993-2016?

    <p>Not provided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Postmenopausal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect defines subtypes of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Appearance or molecular profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of learning in relation to endometrial cancer?

    <p>Evaluation of parameters predicting behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Postmenopausal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for over 80% of women with endometrial cancer?

    <p>Postmenopausal status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Endometrioid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is a familial syndrome associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Lynch syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of developing endometrial adenocarcinoma in women?

    <p>1 in 46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor reduces the risk of endometrial cancer?

    <p>Pregnancy and parity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification system used by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for endometrial cancers based on?

    <p>Integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone replacement therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Unopposed estrogen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumed origin of precursor lesions for endometrial adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Atypical hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the UK?

    <p>Endometrial adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma is named based on its microscopic appearance?

    <p>Clear cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of physical maturation in an individual when they become physiologically capable of procreation?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common disorders of puberty?

    <p>Early and delayed puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to determine in clinic when assessing pubertal development in children?

    <p>Comparison with national averages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of covering the normal range of puberty?

    <p>To identify abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary physical changes associated with puberty?

    <p>Voice deepening and breast development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological capability achieved during puberty?

    <p>Fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls puberty in the brain?

    <p>The pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of early pubic hair development in girls?

    <p>Adrenal androgen activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of recognizing a growth spurt in children?

    <p>It indicates early puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can early breast development in girls indicate?

    <p>Early puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between pubic and axillary hair and puberty?

    <p>Connected to adrenal hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of non-pediatricians in recognizing abnormal growth patterns?

    <p>Crucial role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial indicator of imminent menarche in girls?

    <p>Breast stage four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to early menarche, necessitating brain MRI and further investigation?

    <p>Pituitary hypothalamic activation and acute conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate underlying health issues if it occurs without other signs of puberty in girls?

    <p>Menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by overnourishment and nutrition, leading to precocious puberty?

    <p>Puberty and adrenal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to determine in endocrinology, as some conditions mimic its activation without actually initiating it?

    <p>Whether the puberty axis is activated or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial in endocrinology, as they vary throughout the day and are affected by circadian rhythms?

    <p>Understanding hormonal patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In boys, what is the determining factor for puberty?

    <p>Testicular volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adrenal function in cases of concerns about precocious puberty?

    <p>It is crucial to test adrenal function, especially in cases of concerns about precocious puberty without typical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an advanced bone age in a child indicate?

    <p>Exposure to hormones, as seen in a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of multi-hormonal issues in the pituitary gland?

    <p>They can present clues to underlying conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to consider a comprehensive approach in evaluating cases of delayed or precocious puberty?

    <p>To include adrenal function and dynamic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do normal gonadotropin levels in response to stimulation indicate?

    <p>A lower likelihood of congenital problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of congenital hypogonadism in boys?

    <p>Pituitary problem affecting LH and FSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial factor for pubertal development in boys?

    <p>Presence of testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estrogen in determining growth and development in puberty for girls?

    <p>Breast development and uterine transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used to identify the genes responsible for congenital hypogonadism?

    <p>Gene panel studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to monitor in order to understand the effects of hormones on growth and development?

    <p>Stages of the ovarian cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for protecting the height and exposure to androgens in young boys?

    <p>Puberty blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endometrial Adenocarcinoma and its Subtypes

    • The endometrium is composed of glands in a specialized stroma with a specialized blood supply, and its growth, maturation, and regression are coordinated during each menstrual cycle.
    • The predominant endometrial cancer arises from the glands of the endometrium, specifically as adenocarcinoma, a malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium.
    • Adenocarcinomas arising at different sites in the body have different risk factors, pathogenesis, appearances, genetic abnormalities, behavior, prognosis, and treatment.
    • Subtypes of endometrial adenocarcinoma include endometrioid, serous, clear cell, mixed, undifferentiated/dedifferentiated, and carcinosarcomas, each with distinct morphological characteristics.
    • Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is named for its resemblance to normal endometrial glands, while serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas are named based on their respective microscopic appearances.
    • Different subtypes of adenocarcinoma with similar appearances and names occur at other sites, making it difficult to determine the site of origin and metastasis in case of spread.
    • The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has classified endometrial cancers into four groups based on integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterizations, revealing different mutation patterns and frequencies.
    • Precursor lesions for endometrial adenocarcinoma are assumed to originate from atypical hyperplasia, supported by genetic and morphologic continuity with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma.
    • Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the UK and the fourth most common cancer in women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46, usually occurring in postmenopausal women.
    • Risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma include endogenous hormones, excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, exogenous hormones, ethnicity, and familial syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and Cowden’s syndrome.
    • Factors such as excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, and late menopause increase the risk of endometrial cancer, while pregnancy and parity reduce the risk.
    • Hormone replacement therapy with unopposed estrogen and the use of tamoxifen are associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma.

    Endocrinology Lecture Overview

    • Puberty blockers are necessary for young boys to protect their height and exposure to androgens and puberty hormones.
    • Enlargement of testes is crucial for androgen production and pubertal changes in boys.
    • Adrenals can cause damage even when testes are small.
    • It is important to ensure that boys with pubertal development issues do not have fertility problems later on.
    • Congenital hypogonadism, also known as hypo kapok, is caused by a pituitary problem affecting LH and FSH production.
    • Gene panel studies can be used to identify the genes responsible for congenital hypogonadism.
    • Different spectrums of congenital hypogonadism can lead to varying growth, puberty, and fertility issues.
    • In boys, pubertal development is dependent on the presence of testes.
    • Understanding the stages of the ovarian cycle is important to monitor hormone levels and their effects on growth and development.
    • Estrogen plays a crucial role in determining growth and development in puberty, including breast development and uterine transformation.
    • The shape and condition of the uterus can be influenced by exposure to estrogen and gonadotropins.
    • Adolescence can cause erratic cycles for years, and endocrinologists need to consider this when assessing puberty-related issues.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma and its Subtypes with this quiz. Explore the characteristics, risk factors, and classifications of this common cancer, and enhance your understanding of its genetic and morphological features.

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