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Questions and Answers
What is the most common type of adenocarcinoma in endometrial cancer?
What is the most common type of adenocarcinoma in endometrial cancer?
- Clear cell adenocarcinoma
- Serous adenocarcinoma
- Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (correct)
- Squamous cell adenocarcinoma
What staging system is usually used for gynaecological tumors like endometrial carcinoma?
What staging system is usually used for gynaecological tumors like endometrial carcinoma?
- FIGO staging system (correct)
- TNM staging system
- Brussels staging system
- Lyon staging system
What is the precursor lesion of endometrioid cancer?
What is the precursor lesion of endometrioid cancer?
- Atypical hyperplasia (correct)
- Dysplasia
- Carcinoma in situ
- Metaplasia
What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?
What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?
What is the main factor contributing to the higher mortality rate in African American women with endometrial carcinoma?
What is the main factor contributing to the higher mortality rate in African American women with endometrial carcinoma?
What does tumor grading in endometrial carcinoma reflect?
What does tumor grading in endometrial carcinoma reflect?
Which factor has been contributing to the increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the last ten years?
Which factor has been contributing to the increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the last ten years?
What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer in women?
What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer in women?
What is the primary method for grading neoplasms like endometrial carcinoma?
What is the primary method for grading neoplasms like endometrial carcinoma?
What is the primary risk factor for endometrial cancer among the listed options?
What is the primary risk factor for endometrial cancer among the listed options?
What do over 80% of women with endometrial cancer present with?
What do over 80% of women with endometrial cancer present with?
Is endometrial cancer considered as one disease or several?
Is endometrial cancer considered as one disease or several?
Can a preinvasive dysplastic lesion be recognized in endometrial cancer?
Can a preinvasive dysplastic lesion be recognized in endometrial cancer?
What factors inform the behavior of endometrial cancer?
What factors inform the behavior of endometrial cancer?
What is the age standardized incidence rate of endometrial cancer in the UK from 1993-2016?
What is the age standardized incidence rate of endometrial cancer in the UK from 1993-2016?
What is the primary symptom of endometrial cancer?
What is the primary symptom of endometrial cancer?
What aspect defines subtypes of endometrial cancer?
What aspect defines subtypes of endometrial cancer?
What is the focus of learning in relation to endometrial cancer?
What is the focus of learning in relation to endometrial cancer?
What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer?
What is the most common presentation of endometrial cancer?
What is the risk factor for over 80% of women with endometrial cancer?
What is the risk factor for over 80% of women with endometrial cancer?
What is the most common subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
What is the most common subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Which syndrome is a familial syndrome associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Which syndrome is a familial syndrome associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
What is the lifetime risk of developing endometrial adenocarcinoma in women?
What is the lifetime risk of developing endometrial adenocarcinoma in women?
Which factor reduces the risk of endometrial cancer?
Which factor reduces the risk of endometrial cancer?
What is the classification system used by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for endometrial cancers based on?
What is the classification system used by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for endometrial cancers based on?
Which type of hormone replacement therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Which type of hormone replacement therapy is associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
What is the assumed origin of precursor lesions for endometrial adenocarcinoma?
What is the assumed origin of precursor lesions for endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Which factor is not associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
Which factor is not associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma?
What is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the UK?
What is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the UK?
Which subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma is named based on its microscopic appearance?
Which subtype of endometrial adenocarcinoma is named based on its microscopic appearance?
What is the stage of physical maturation in an individual when they become physiologically capable of procreation?
What is the stage of physical maturation in an individual when they become physiologically capable of procreation?
What are the common disorders of puberty?
What are the common disorders of puberty?
What is important to determine in clinic when assessing pubertal development in children?
What is important to determine in clinic when assessing pubertal development in children?
What is the primary purpose of covering the normal range of puberty?
What is the primary purpose of covering the normal range of puberty?
What are the primary physical changes associated with puberty?
What are the primary physical changes associated with puberty?
What is the physiological capability achieved during puberty?
What is the physiological capability achieved during puberty?
What controls puberty in the brain?
What controls puberty in the brain?
What is a possible cause of early pubic hair development in girls?
What is a possible cause of early pubic hair development in girls?
What is the significance of recognizing a growth spurt in children?
What is the significance of recognizing a growth spurt in children?
What can early breast development in girls indicate?
What can early breast development in girls indicate?
What is the connection between pubic and axillary hair and puberty?
What is the connection between pubic and axillary hair and puberty?
What is the role of non-pediatricians in recognizing abnormal growth patterns?
What is the role of non-pediatricians in recognizing abnormal growth patterns?
What is a crucial indicator of imminent menarche in girls?
What is a crucial indicator of imminent menarche in girls?
What can lead to early menarche, necessitating brain MRI and further investigation?
What can lead to early menarche, necessitating brain MRI and further investigation?
What may indicate underlying health issues if it occurs without other signs of puberty in girls?
What may indicate underlying health issues if it occurs without other signs of puberty in girls?
What is affected by overnourishment and nutrition, leading to precocious puberty?
What is affected by overnourishment and nutrition, leading to precocious puberty?
What is essential to determine in endocrinology, as some conditions mimic its activation without actually initiating it?
What is essential to determine in endocrinology, as some conditions mimic its activation without actually initiating it?
What is crucial in endocrinology, as they vary throughout the day and are affected by circadian rhythms?
What is crucial in endocrinology, as they vary throughout the day and are affected by circadian rhythms?
In boys, what is the determining factor for puberty?
In boys, what is the determining factor for puberty?
What is the role of adrenal function in cases of concerns about precocious puberty?
What is the role of adrenal function in cases of concerns about precocious puberty?
What does an advanced bone age in a child indicate?
What does an advanced bone age in a child indicate?
What is the significance of multi-hormonal issues in the pituitary gland?
What is the significance of multi-hormonal issues in the pituitary gland?
Why is it essential to consider a comprehensive approach in evaluating cases of delayed or precocious puberty?
Why is it essential to consider a comprehensive approach in evaluating cases of delayed or precocious puberty?
What do normal gonadotropin levels in response to stimulation indicate?
What do normal gonadotropin levels in response to stimulation indicate?
What is the primary cause of congenital hypogonadism in boys?
What is the primary cause of congenital hypogonadism in boys?
What is the crucial factor for pubertal development in boys?
What is the crucial factor for pubertal development in boys?
What is the role of estrogen in determining growth and development in puberty for girls?
What is the role of estrogen in determining growth and development in puberty for girls?
What can be used to identify the genes responsible for congenital hypogonadism?
What can be used to identify the genes responsible for congenital hypogonadism?
What is important to monitor in order to understand the effects of hormones on growth and development?
What is important to monitor in order to understand the effects of hormones on growth and development?
What is crucial for protecting the height and exposure to androgens in young boys?
What is crucial for protecting the height and exposure to androgens in young boys?
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Study Notes
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma and its Subtypes
- The endometrium is composed of glands in a specialized stroma with a specialized blood supply, and its growth, maturation, and regression are coordinated during each menstrual cycle.
- The predominant endometrial cancer arises from the glands of the endometrium, specifically as adenocarcinoma, a malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium.
- Adenocarcinomas arising at different sites in the body have different risk factors, pathogenesis, appearances, genetic abnormalities, behavior, prognosis, and treatment.
- Subtypes of endometrial adenocarcinoma include endometrioid, serous, clear cell, mixed, undifferentiated/dedifferentiated, and carcinosarcomas, each with distinct morphological characteristics.
- Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is named for its resemblance to normal endometrial glands, while serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas are named based on their respective microscopic appearances.
- Different subtypes of adenocarcinoma with similar appearances and names occur at other sites, making it difficult to determine the site of origin and metastasis in case of spread.
- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has classified endometrial cancers into four groups based on integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic characterizations, revealing different mutation patterns and frequencies.
- Precursor lesions for endometrial adenocarcinoma are assumed to originate from atypical hyperplasia, supported by genetic and morphologic continuity with endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma.
- Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract in the UK and the fourth most common cancer in women, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 46, usually occurring in postmenopausal women.
- Risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma include endogenous hormones, excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, exogenous hormones, ethnicity, and familial syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and Cowden’s syndrome.
- Factors such as excess body weight, diabetes mellitus, and late menopause increase the risk of endometrial cancer, while pregnancy and parity reduce the risk.
- Hormone replacement therapy with unopposed estrogen and the use of tamoxifen are associated with an increased risk of endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Endocrinology Lecture Overview
- Puberty blockers are necessary for young boys to protect their height and exposure to androgens and puberty hormones.
- Enlargement of testes is crucial for androgen production and pubertal changes in boys.
- Adrenals can cause damage even when testes are small.
- It is important to ensure that boys with pubertal development issues do not have fertility problems later on.
- Congenital hypogonadism, also known as hypo kapok, is caused by a pituitary problem affecting LH and FSH production.
- Gene panel studies can be used to identify the genes responsible for congenital hypogonadism.
- Different spectrums of congenital hypogonadism can lead to varying growth, puberty, and fertility issues.
- In boys, pubertal development is dependent on the presence of testes.
- Understanding the stages of the ovarian cycle is important to monitor hormone levels and their effects on growth and development.
- Estrogen plays a crucial role in determining growth and development in puberty, including breast development and uterine transformation.
- The shape and condition of the uterus can be influenced by exposure to estrogen and gonadotropins.
- Adolescence can cause erratic cycles for years, and endocrinologists need to consider this when assessing puberty-related issues.
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