Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the effects of GH hypofunction?
What are the effects of GH hypofunction?
Pituitary dwarfism, Levi-Lorin dwarfism, Laron dwarfism, Pituitary infantilism
What are the effects of GH hyperfunction?
What are the effects of GH hyperfunction?
Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by low prolactin levels.
Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by low prolactin levels.
False
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by producing large volume of ______.
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by producing large volume of ______.
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What are the effects of Hypothyroidism?
What are the effects of Hypothyroidism?
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Match the following thyroid conditions with their respective laboratory findings:
Match the following thyroid conditions with their respective laboratory findings:
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What is the main effect of hypofunction of GH?
What is the main effect of hypofunction of GH?
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Acromegaly is caused by hyperfunction of GH.
Acromegaly is caused by hyperfunction of GH.
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What is the main cause of Diabetes Insipidus?
What is the main cause of Diabetes Insipidus?
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Primary hyperthyroidism is caused by ________ disease.
Primary hyperthyroidism is caused by ________ disease.
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Match the following diseases with their respective hormones:
Match the following diseases with their respective hormones:
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Study Notes
Disturbances in GH
- Hypofunction of GH: low or no production of GH secretion
- Effects:
- Pituitary dwarfism: decreased GH and IGF-1 levels
- Levi-Lorin dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
- Laron dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
- Pituitary infantilism: decreased GH level, IGF-1 level, and gonadotrophic hormones
- Effects:
- Hyperfunction of GH: overproduction of GH due to benign or malignant tumor of anterior pituitary
- Effects:
- Gigantism (Giantism): increased GH secretion before the union of the epiphysis of long bones (prepubertal)
- Acromegaly: increased GH secretion after the union of the epiphysis of long bones (after puberty)
- Both types show increased GH and IGF-1 levels
- Effects:
Disturbances in Prolactin
- Hyperprolactinemia: overproduction of Prolactin due to adenoma of anterior pituitary
- Effects:
- Milk production in non-lactation period
- Laboratory findings: high prolactin levels
- Effects:
Disturbances in Antidiuretic Hormone
- Diabetes Insipidus (DI): producing large volume of urine
- Causes:
- Central DI: damage of posterior pituitary, no or very low levels of ADH
- Nephrogenic DI: insensitivity of the kidney to ADH, high levels of ADH
- Causes:
Disturbances in Thyroid Hormones
- Hypofunction of thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism): decreased production of T3 and T4
- Causes:
- Primary (thyroid origin)
- Secondary (pituitary origin)
- Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
- Effects:
- Cretinism (in children)
- Myxedema (in adults)
- Laboratory findings:
- Low T3 and T4 levels
- High TSH levels
- Causes:
- Hyperfunction of thyroid gland (Hyperthyroidism): overproduction of T3 and T4
- Causes:
- Primary (thyroid origin)
- Secondary (pituitary origin)
- Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
- Laboratory findings:
- High T3 and T4 levels
- Low TSH levels
- Causes:
Disturbances in Parathyroid Hormone
- Hypofunction of parathyroid gland (Hypoparathyroidism): surgical removal or autoimmune destruction of the gland
- Laboratory findings:
- Low PTH level
- Low blood calcium level
- High blood phosphorus level
- No urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Hyperfunction of parathyroid gland (Hyperparathyroidism)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
- Laboratory findings:
- High PTH level
- High blood calcium level
- Low blood phosphorus level
- High urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism: chronic renal disease
- Laboratory findings:
- High PTH level
- Low blood calcium level
- High blood phosphorus level
- Low urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
Disturbances in Aldosterone Hormone
- Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): aldosterone secreting tumour
- Laboratory findings:
- High aldosterone level
- Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
- High sodium level (hypernatremia)
- Normal plasma renin
- Laboratory findings:
- Secondary hyperaldosteronism: heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and nephrosis
- Laboratory findings:
- High aldosterone level
- Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
- High sodium level (hypernatremia)
- High plasma renin
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Cortisol Hormone
- Cushing’s syndrome
- ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
- Laboratory findings:
- High plasma cortisol with low plasma ACTH
- Laboratory findings:
- ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome: pituitary adenoma
- Laboratory findings:
- High plasma cortisol with high plasma ACTH
- Laboratory findings:
- ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
Disturbances in Adrenal Cortex
- Addison’s syndrome (Adrenal insufficiency): damage of adrenal cortex
- Laboratory findings:
- Low cortisol with high ACTH levels
- Low aldosterone with hyponatremia (low sodium level) and hyperkalemia (high potassium level)
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Adrenal Medulla
- Pheochromocytoma: elevation of serum catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
- Laboratory findings:
- Plasma and urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines
- Urinary vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Glucose Metabolism
- Diabetes mellitus
- Laboratory findings:
- HbA1c (golden test)
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- Fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose
- Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in GH
- Hypofunction of GH: low or no production of GH secretion
- Effects:
- Pituitary dwarfism: decreased GH and IGF-1 levels
- Levi-Lorin dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
- Laron dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
- Pituitary infantilism: decreased GH level, IGF-1 level, and gonadotrophic hormones
- Effects:
- Hyperfunction of GH: overproduction of GH due to benign or malignant tumor of anterior pituitary
- Effects:
- Gigantism (Giantism): increased GH secretion before the union of the epiphysis of long bones (prepubertal)
- Acromegaly: increased GH secretion after the union of the epiphysis of long bones (after puberty)
- Both types show increased GH and IGF-1 levels
- Effects:
Disturbances in Prolactin
- Hyperprolactinemia: overproduction of Prolactin due to adenoma of anterior pituitary
- Effects:
- Milk production in non-lactation period
- Laboratory findings: high prolactin levels
- Effects:
Disturbances in Antidiuretic Hormone
- Diabetes Insipidus (DI): producing large volume of urine
- Causes:
- Central DI: damage of posterior pituitary, no or very low levels of ADH
- Nephrogenic DI: insensitivity of the kidney to ADH, high levels of ADH
- Causes:
Disturbances in Thyroid Hormones
- Hypofunction of thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism): decreased production of T3 and T4
- Causes:
- Primary (thyroid origin)
- Secondary (pituitary origin)
- Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
- Effects:
- Cretinism (in children)
- Myxedema (in adults)
- Laboratory findings:
- Low T3 and T4 levels
- High TSH levels
- Causes:
- Hyperfunction of thyroid gland (Hyperthyroidism): overproduction of T3 and T4
- Causes:
- Primary (thyroid origin)
- Secondary (pituitary origin)
- Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
- Laboratory findings:
- High T3 and T4 levels
- Low TSH levels
- Causes:
Disturbances in Parathyroid Hormone
- Hypofunction of parathyroid gland (Hypoparathyroidism): surgical removal or autoimmune destruction of the gland
- Laboratory findings:
- Low PTH level
- Low blood calcium level
- High blood phosphorus level
- No urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Hyperfunction of parathyroid gland (Hyperparathyroidism)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
- Laboratory findings:
- High PTH level
- High blood calcium level
- Low blood phosphorus level
- High urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism: chronic renal disease
- Laboratory findings:
- High PTH level
- Low blood calcium level
- High blood phosphorus level
- Low urinary calcium
- Laboratory findings:
- Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
Disturbances in Aldosterone Hormone
- Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): aldosterone secreting tumour
- Laboratory findings:
- High aldosterone level
- Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
- High sodium level (hypernatremia)
- Normal plasma renin
- Laboratory findings:
- Secondary hyperaldosteronism: heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and nephrosis
- Laboratory findings:
- High aldosterone level
- Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
- High sodium level (hypernatremia)
- High plasma renin
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Cortisol Hormone
- Cushing’s syndrome
- ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
- Laboratory findings:
- High plasma cortisol with low plasma ACTH
- Laboratory findings:
- ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome: pituitary adenoma
- Laboratory findings:
- High plasma cortisol with high plasma ACTH
- Laboratory findings:
- ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
Disturbances in Adrenal Cortex
- Addison’s syndrome (Adrenal insufficiency): damage of adrenal cortex
- Laboratory findings:
- Low cortisol with high ACTH levels
- Low aldosterone with hyponatremia (low sodium level) and hyperkalemia (high potassium level)
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Adrenal Medulla
- Pheochromocytoma: elevation of serum catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
- Laboratory findings:
- Plasma and urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines
- Urinary vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
- Laboratory findings:
Disturbances in Glucose Metabolism
- Diabetes mellitus
- Laboratory findings:
- HbA1c (golden test)
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- Fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose
- Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels
- Laboratory findings:
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Description
This quiz covers laboratory findings of endocrinal diseases, specifically hypofunction of Growth Hormone (GH) and its effects, including pituitary dwarfism and more.
