Endocrinology Quiz: GH Hypofunction
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Questions and Answers

What are the effects of GH hypofunction?

Pituitary dwarfism, Levi-Lorin dwarfism, Laron dwarfism, Pituitary infantilism

What are the effects of GH hyperfunction?

  • Acromegaly (correct)
  • Laron dwarfism
  • Pituitary dwarfism
  • Gigantism (correct)

    • Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by low prolactin levels.

    False

    Diabetes insipidus is characterized by producing large volume of ______.

    <p>urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of Hypothyroidism?

    <p>Cretinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following thyroid conditions with their respective laboratory findings:

    <p>Primary hypothyroidism = Low T3, Low T4, High TSH Secondary hyperthyroidism = High T3, High T4, High TSH Primary hyperparathyroidism = High PTH, High calcium, Low phosphorus, High urinary calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of hypofunction of GH?

    <p>Pituitary dwarfism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acromegaly is caused by hyperfunction of GH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Diabetes Insipidus?

    <p>damage of posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary hyperthyroidism is caused by ________ disease.

    <p>Grave’s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their respective hormones:

    <p>Addison's syndrome = Cortisol and aldosterone Pheochromocytoma = Epinephrine and norepinephrine Primary hyperparathyroidism = PTH Cushing's syndrome = Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disturbances in GH

    • Hypofunction of GH: low or no production of GH secretion
      • Effects:
        • Pituitary dwarfism: decreased GH and IGF-1 levels
        • Levi-Lorin dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
        • Laron dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
        • Pituitary infantilism: decreased GH level, IGF-1 level, and gonadotrophic hormones
    • Hyperfunction of GH: overproduction of GH due to benign or malignant tumor of anterior pituitary
      • Effects:
        • Gigantism (Giantism): increased GH secretion before the union of the epiphysis of long bones (prepubertal)
        • Acromegaly: increased GH secretion after the union of the epiphysis of long bones (after puberty)
      • Both types show increased GH and IGF-1 levels

    Disturbances in Prolactin

    • Hyperprolactinemia: overproduction of Prolactin due to adenoma of anterior pituitary
      • Effects:
        • Milk production in non-lactation period
      • Laboratory findings: high prolactin levels

    Disturbances in Antidiuretic Hormone

    • Diabetes Insipidus (DI): producing large volume of urine
      • Causes:
        • Central DI: damage of posterior pituitary, no or very low levels of ADH
        • Nephrogenic DI: insensitivity of the kidney to ADH, high levels of ADH

    Disturbances in Thyroid Hormones

    • Hypofunction of thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism): decreased production of T3 and T4
      • Causes:
        • Primary (thyroid origin)
        • Secondary (pituitary origin)
        • Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
      • Effects:
        • Cretinism (in children)
        • Myxedema (in adults)
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low T3 and T4 levels
        • High TSH levels
    • Hyperfunction of thyroid gland (Hyperthyroidism): overproduction of T3 and T4
      • Causes:
        • Primary (thyroid origin)
        • Secondary (pituitary origin)
        • Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High T3 and T4 levels
        • Low TSH levels

    Disturbances in Parathyroid Hormone

    • Hypofunction of parathyroid gland (Hypoparathyroidism): surgical removal or autoimmune destruction of the gland
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low PTH level
        • Low blood calcium level
        • High blood phosphorus level
        • No urinary calcium
    • Hyperfunction of parathyroid gland (Hyperparathyroidism)
      • Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High PTH level
          • High blood calcium level
          • Low blood phosphorus level
          • High urinary calcium
      • Secondary hyperparathyroidism: chronic renal disease
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High PTH level
          • Low blood calcium level
          • High blood phosphorus level
          • Low urinary calcium

    Disturbances in Aldosterone Hormone

    • Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): aldosterone secreting tumour
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High aldosterone level
        • Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
        • High sodium level (hypernatremia)
        • Normal plasma renin
    • Secondary hyperaldosteronism: heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and nephrosis
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High aldosterone level
        • Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
        • High sodium level (hypernatremia)
        • High plasma renin

    Disturbances in Cortisol Hormone

    • Cushing’s syndrome
      • ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High plasma cortisol with low plasma ACTH
      • ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome: pituitary adenoma
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High plasma cortisol with high plasma ACTH

    Disturbances in Adrenal Cortex

    • Addison’s syndrome (Adrenal insufficiency): damage of adrenal cortex
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low cortisol with high ACTH levels
        • Low aldosterone with hyponatremia (low sodium level) and hyperkalemia (high potassium level)

    Disturbances in Adrenal Medulla

    • Pheochromocytoma: elevation of serum catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Plasma and urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines
        • Urinary vanillymandelic acid (VMA)

    Disturbances in Glucose Metabolism

    • Diabetes mellitus
      • Laboratory findings:
        • HbA1c (golden test)
        • Oral glucose tolerance test
        • Fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose
        • Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels

    Disturbances in GH

    • Hypofunction of GH: low or no production of GH secretion
      • Effects:
        • Pituitary dwarfism: decreased GH and IGF-1 levels
        • Levi-Lorin dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
        • Laron dwarfism: normal or high GH level with decreased IGF-1 level
        • Pituitary infantilism: decreased GH level, IGF-1 level, and gonadotrophic hormones
    • Hyperfunction of GH: overproduction of GH due to benign or malignant tumor of anterior pituitary
      • Effects:
        • Gigantism (Giantism): increased GH secretion before the union of the epiphysis of long bones (prepubertal)
        • Acromegaly: increased GH secretion after the union of the epiphysis of long bones (after puberty)
      • Both types show increased GH and IGF-1 levels

    Disturbances in Prolactin

    • Hyperprolactinemia: overproduction of Prolactin due to adenoma of anterior pituitary
      • Effects:
        • Milk production in non-lactation period
      • Laboratory findings: high prolactin levels

    Disturbances in Antidiuretic Hormone

    • Diabetes Insipidus (DI): producing large volume of urine
      • Causes:
        • Central DI: damage of posterior pituitary, no or very low levels of ADH
        • Nephrogenic DI: insensitivity of the kidney to ADH, high levels of ADH

    Disturbances in Thyroid Hormones

    • Hypofunction of thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism): decreased production of T3 and T4
      • Causes:
        • Primary (thyroid origin)
        • Secondary (pituitary origin)
        • Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
      • Effects:
        • Cretinism (in children)
        • Myxedema (in adults)
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low T3 and T4 levels
        • High TSH levels
    • Hyperfunction of thyroid gland (Hyperthyroidism): overproduction of T3 and T4
      • Causes:
        • Primary (thyroid origin)
        • Secondary (pituitary origin)
        • Tertiary (hypothalamic origin)
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High T3 and T4 levels
        • Low TSH levels

    Disturbances in Parathyroid Hormone

    • Hypofunction of parathyroid gland (Hypoparathyroidism): surgical removal or autoimmune destruction of the gland
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low PTH level
        • Low blood calcium level
        • High blood phosphorus level
        • No urinary calcium
    • Hyperfunction of parathyroid gland (Hyperparathyroidism)
      • Primary hyperparathyroidism: tumour of the parathyroid gland
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High PTH level
          • High blood calcium level
          • Low blood phosphorus level
          • High urinary calcium
      • Secondary hyperparathyroidism: chronic renal disease
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High PTH level
          • Low blood calcium level
          • High blood phosphorus level
          • Low urinary calcium

    Disturbances in Aldosterone Hormone

    • Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): aldosterone secreting tumour
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High aldosterone level
        • Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
        • High sodium level (hypernatremia)
        • Normal plasma renin
    • Secondary hyperaldosteronism: heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and nephrosis
      • Laboratory findings:
        • High aldosterone level
        • Low potassium level (hypokalemia)
        • High sodium level (hypernatremia)
        • High plasma renin

    Disturbances in Cortisol Hormone

    • Cushing’s syndrome
      • ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome: adrenocortical tumour secreting cortisol
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High plasma cortisol with low plasma ACTH
      • ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome: pituitary adenoma
        • Laboratory findings:
          • High plasma cortisol with high plasma ACTH

    Disturbances in Adrenal Cortex

    • Addison’s syndrome (Adrenal insufficiency): damage of adrenal cortex
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Low cortisol with high ACTH levels
        • Low aldosterone with hyponatremia (low sodium level) and hyperkalemia (high potassium level)

    Disturbances in Adrenal Medulla

    • Pheochromocytoma: elevation of serum catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
      • Laboratory findings:
        • Plasma and urinary metanephrines and normetanephrines
        • Urinary vanillymandelic acid (VMA)

    Disturbances in Glucose Metabolism

    • Diabetes mellitus
      • Laboratory findings:
        • HbA1c (golden test)
        • Oral glucose tolerance test
        • Fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose
        • Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels

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    Description

    This quiz covers laboratory findings of endocrinal diseases, specifically hypofunction of Growth Hormone (GH) and its effects, including pituitary dwarfism and more.

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