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Questions and Answers
What is cholesterol primarily a precursor to?
What is cholesterol primarily a precursor to?
- Mineral hormones
- Protein hormones
- Carbohydrates
- Steroid hormones (correct)
Which mechanism of hormone release is stimulated by the levels of ions or nutrients in the blood?
Which mechanism of hormone release is stimulated by the levels of ions or nutrients in the blood?
- Humoral mechanism (correct)
- Neural mechanism
- Digestive mechanism
- Hormonal mechanism
Which hormone is an example of a neural mechanism of hormone release?
Which hormone is an example of a neural mechanism of hormone release?
- Estrogen
- Cortisol
- Insulin
- Oxytocin (correct)
What does the neuroendocrine system help regulate?
What does the neuroendocrine system help regulate?
What type of hormones are secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus that influence the anterior pituitary gland?
What type of hormones are secreted by neurons in the hypothalamus that influence the anterior pituitary gland?
What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
What is the primary role of sebaceous glands in the skin?
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate body functions?
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate body functions?
What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?
Which hormones are primarily produced by the ovaries?
Which hormones are primarily produced by the ovaries?
What is the primary role of sweat glands in the skin?
What is the primary role of sweat glands in the skin?
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Which system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
Which system connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
What types of hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize and release?
What types of hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize and release?
Which of the following hormones is classified as a neurohormone released by the posterior pituitary?
Which of the following hormones is classified as a neurohormone released by the posterior pituitary?
Which of these axes is not part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
Which of these axes is not part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?
What is the primary function of endocrine glands?
What is the primary function of endocrine glands?
Which of the following substances is secreted by the pancreas as an endocrine hormone?
Which of the following substances is secreted by the pancreas as an endocrine hormone?
What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?
Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating growth and metabolism?
Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating growth and metabolism?
Which enzyme is NOT produced by the exocrine glands of the pancreas?
Which enzyme is NOT produced by the exocrine glands of the pancreas?
How is the endocrine system primarily evaluated?
How is the endocrine system primarily evaluated?
What role do exocrine glands play in the body?
What role do exocrine glands play in the body?
Which of the following pairs an endocrine gland with its hormone?
Which of the following pairs an endocrine gland with its hormone?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the role of Dopamine in the hypothalamic system?
What is the role of Dopamine in the hypothalamic system?
Which hypothalamic hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?
Which hypothalamic hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of growth hormone secretion?
What effect does Somatostatin Release Inhibiting Factor (SRIF) have on growth hormone?
What effect does Somatostatin Release Inhibiting Factor (SRIF) have on growth hormone?
Which combination of hormones does Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulate the release of?
Which combination of hormones does Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulate the release of?
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Study Notes
Endocrinology
- The study of hormone secretion, hormone action, and principles of feedback control.
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands are part of the endocrine system and secrete hormones.
- Exocrine glands secrete substances through a duct, either into the body or onto its surface.
Pancreas
- Contains both endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Exocrine glands: Secrete enzymes like proteases, lipases and amylase.
- Endocrine glands: Secrete hormones like insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells).
Hormones
- Derived from Greek for "to set in motion."
- Cholesterol is a precursor to many important steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.
Mechanisms of Hormone Release
- Humoral: In response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood (e.g. insulin).
- Neural: Stimulation by nerves (e.g. oxytocin, ADH from the hypothalamus).
- Hormonal: Stimulation received from other hormones (e.g. hypothalamic-pituitary axis).
Neuroendocrine System & Neurohormones
- The neuroendocrine system is how the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis.
- Regulates reproduction, metabolism, eating and drinking, energy utilization, osmolarity, and blood pressure.
- Hypothalamus regulates pituitary functions.
- Neurohormones are substances produced by neurosecretory cells of the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters vs. Neurohormones
- Neurotransmitters: Act locally in the nervous system.
- Neurohormones: Travel through the bloodstream to target cells.
Master Regulator – Pituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the brain.
- Responsible for producing a variety of hormones, including growth hormone and prolactin.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
- Also known as the HPT, HPG, and HPA, depending on the target organs affected.
- The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and target organs work together to regulate various bodily functions.
Hypothalamus Role
- Control many fundamental physiological activities including body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and autonomic nervous system functions.
- Interface between the endocrine and nervous systems.
- Synthesize and release neurohormones into the circulatory system through the posterior pituitary.
- Synthesize and release hypophysiotropic hormones (releasing hormones) into the hypophyseal portal blood system to regulate hormone release from the anterior pituitary.
Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
- Releasing Hormones:
- CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone): stimulates ACTH release.
- TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): stimulates TSH release.
- GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone): stimulates FSH and LH release.
- GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone): stimulates GH release.
- Inhibiting Hormones:
- MIH (Melanotropin-Inhibiting Hormone): inhibits MSH secretion.
- Dopamine: inhibits PRL secretion.
- SRIF (Somatostatin Release Inhibiting Factor): inhibits STH secretion.
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