Endocrinology Module 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

The thyroid gland is responsible for the production and secretion of hormones like ____ and ____.

T3, T4

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

  • High heart rate
  • Mood swings
  • Weight gain (correct)
  • Muscle weakness

    • Hypothyroidism can cause goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid gland.

    True (A)

    What is the name of the hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that helps regulate mineral balance?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their respective target organs or functions:

    <p>TSH = Stimulates the thyroid gland ACTH = Stimulates the adrenal cortex Aldosterone = Mineral balance Cortisol = Metabolism, stress, and immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cells with their ploidy level:

    <p>Spermatogonia = Diploid Primary spermatocyte = Diploid Secondary spermatocyte = Haploid Spermatids = Haploid Spermatozoa = Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the process of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes, followed by meiosis II to produce spermatids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sperm cells are motile in the epididymis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ cells provide nourishment and support for developing sperm cells.

    <p>Sertoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and promotes spermatogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary?

    <p>GnRH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibin has a negative feedback effect on the release of FSH.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the function of the blood-testis barrier.

    <p>The blood-testis barrier, formed by tight junctions between Sertoli cells, prevents immune cells from attacking developing sperm cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the natural tendency of the lungs to collapse due to elastic recoil?

    <p>Elastic recoil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure in the pleural space is ______ relative to atmospheric pressure.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cortical reaction in fertilization?

    <p>It prevents the egg from being fertilized by multiple sperm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar pressure is always equal to atmospheric pressure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identical twins share the same placenta and amniotic sac in all cases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pressures with their descriptions:

    <p>Atmospheric pressure = Pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere Alveolar pressure = Pressure inside the alveoli Pleural pressure = Pressure in the pleural space Transpulmonary pressure = Difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pulmonary surfactant play in maintaining alveolar stability?

    <p>Pulmonary surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing smaller alveoli from collapsing and increasing lung compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that maintains the uterine lining during early pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the elastic recoil of the lungs?

    <p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______________ cells within the blastocyst develop into the embryo.

    <p>inner cell mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions during pregnancy:

    <p>Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) = Maintains uterine quiescence Progesterone = Prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum Estrogen = Modifies maternal metabolism Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) = Promotes uterine growth and increases blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The law of Laplace states that smaller alveoli have ______ collapsing pressure if surface tension is the same.

    <p>greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar interdependence refers to the interconnectedness of alveoli through elastic fibers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trophoblast cells?

    <p>Developing into the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fraternal twins always share the same sex.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Regulates body temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactational amenorrhea is a condition where excessive bleeding occurs after delivery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that brings oxygen into the body, transports it to tissues, and removes carbon dioxide?

    <p>External respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the common passage for air and food.

    <p>pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Tissue Exchange = Oxygen diffusion from blood to tissues Ventilation = Oxygen diffusion from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries Exchange of Gases = Air movement between the atmosphere and alveoli Transport of Gases = Oxygen carried to tissues through the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with 5α-reductase deficiency develop ambiguous genitalia due to excess androgens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis?

    <p>The epiglottis prevents food from entering the airways during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for increasing ventilation?

    <p>Increased PCO₂ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral chemoreceptors are primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood CO₂ levels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body regulate ventilation during exercise?

    <p>During exercise, ventilation is regulated by a combination of neural input from higher brain centers and muscle receptors, as well as chemical changes in blood gases. The body's ventilation stabilizes to match the metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When CO₂ crosses the blood-brain barrier, it forms ______, which then dissociates into H⁺ and bicarbonate.

    <p>carbonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory control system with their primary function:

    <p>Medullary and pontine centers = Generate and regulate respiratory rhythm Peripheral chemoreceptors = Respond to low oxygen and high hydrogen ion levels Central chemoreceptors = Sensitive to carbon dioxide and pH changes Neural input and muscle receptors = Help regulate ventilation during exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Triiodothyronine (T3)

    A thyroid hormone composed of three iodine atoms, crucial for metabolism.

    Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

    Process involving the production of T3 and T4 hormones from thyroglobulin and iodine.

    Hypothyroidism Symptoms

    Condition with low thyroid hormones, leading to cold intolerance, weight gain, and weak heart rate.

    Adrenal Gland Structure

    Glands on top of kidneys with two parts: cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (stress response).

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    Goiter Causes

    Enlarged thyroid due to increased TSH from low hormones or iodine; not in secondary failure.

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    Primary Spermatocyte

    Diploid cells formed from spermatogonia that undergo meiosis.

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    Meiosis I

    The division where each primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes with 23 chromosomes each.

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    Spermatids

    Haploid cells produced from secondary spermatocytes during meiosis II; they become spermatozoa.

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    Sertoli Cells

    Supportive cells in seminiferous tubules that nourish and protect developing sperm cells.

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    Blood-Testis Barrier

    Tight junctions between Sertoli cells that protect germ cells during development.

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    FSH

    Follicle-stimulating hormone that stimulates Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis.

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    Epididymis

    A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored after production in seminiferous tubules.

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    LH

    Luteinizing hormone that stimulates Leydig cells to release testosterone.

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    Postpartum Hemorrhage

    Excessive bleeding after delivery due to uterine atony.

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    Lactational Amenorrhea

    Suppression of ovulation during breastfeeding due to high prolactin levels.

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    Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

    A condition causing ambiguous genitalia due to excess androgens.

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    5α-reductase deficiency

    A condition leading to male pseudohermaphroditism from impaired testosterone conversion to DHT.

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    Internal respiration

    Oxygen usage and carbon dioxide production inside cells during metabolism.

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    External respiration

    Process of bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

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    Functions of the Respiratory System

    Includes speech, defense against foreign matter, and acid-base balance maintenance.

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    Anatomy of the Respiratory System

    Consists of lungs, chest wall, and pleural space including upper tract structures.

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    Cortical Reaction

    The process where enzymes release to harden the zona pellucida after sperm fusion to prevent polyspermy.

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    Zygote Formation

    The merging of sperm and egg nuclei to form a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes.

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    Identical Twins

    Twins resulting from the splitting of a single fertilized egg, sharing the same genetic material.

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    Fraternal Twins

    Twins that arise from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two sperm, genetically different.

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    Blastocyst Formation

    The stage after zygote development when the structure contains trophoblast and inner cell mass.

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    Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

    Hormone secreted by trophoblast cells to maintain the corpus luteum and pregnancy.

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    Progesterone

    A hormone that maintains the uterine lining and inhibits contractions during pregnancy.

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    Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)

    Hormone that modifies maternal metabolism to supply glucose and nutrients to the fetus.

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    Hypercapnia

    Increased arterial PCO₂ that stimulates ventilation by forming carbonic acid.

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    Stimulus for Ventilation

    Increased PCO₂ is the most potent stimulus for ventilation responses.

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    Peripheral Chemoreceptors

    React mainly to low PO₂ and high H⁺ levels to regulate ventilation.

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    Central Chemoreceptors

    Sensitively detect CO₂ and pH changes to control ventilation.

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    Neural Input During Exercise

    Increases ventilation due to signals from muscle receptors and brain before chemical changes occur.

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    Atmospheric Pressure (PB)

    Pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere, typically 760 mm Hg at sea level.

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    Alveolar Pressure (PA)

    Pressure inside the alveoli; equals atmospheric pressure at rest.

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    Pleural Pressure (Ppl)

    Negative pressure in the pleural space, around -5 cm H₂O, related to lung collapse.

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    Transpulmonary Pressure (Ptp)

    Difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure, keeps lungs inflated.

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    Elastic Recoil

    Natural tendency of lungs to collapse due to elastin fibers and surface tension.

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    Pulmonary Surfactant

    A mixture produced by alveolar cells that decreases surface tension and prevents collapse.

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    Alveolar Interdependence

    Concept where connected alveoli assist in keeping each other open during collapse.

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    Law of Laplace

    Explains how surface tension in smaller alveoli causes higher collapsing pressure, balanced by surfactant.

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    Study Notes

    Module 1 - Key Topics

    • Endocrinology glands provide basic functions like digestion, red blood cell production, reproduction, stress response, growth, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and homeostasis.
    • Endocrine tissues secrete hormones:
      • Hydrophilic hormones (thyroid, catecholamines, amines, and peptides) are not bound to plasma proteins. They require transport proteins.
      • Lipophilic hormones (steroids) are bound to carrier proteins to travel in blood.
    • Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a second messenger system activated when a hormone binds to a cell-surface receptor.
    • Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis involves the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in regulating various bodily functions.
    • Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin.
    • Anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and prolactin.
    • Thyroid gland, located above the trachea, secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). They regulate metabolism and other functions.

    Thyroid Gland

    • Located above the trachea, below the larynx.
    • Made up of follicular cells (ring-like) that secrete calcitonin within a colloid (thyroglobulin).
    • Two main hormones:
      • Tetraiodothyronine (T4): 90%, containing four iodine molecules.
      • Triiodothyronine (T3): 10%, containing three iodine molecules.
    • Thyroid hormone synthesis occurs in the following steps:
      • Thyroglobulin production in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
      • Iodine trapping by follicular cells from the blood.
      • Iodine is moved into follicular lumen.
      • Iodine organification, where iodine is added to thyroglobulin.
      • Coupling of MIT and DIT to form T3 and T4.
    • Thyroid hormone is released by follicular cells via phagocytosis/digestion of thyroglobulin by lysosomes, releasing free T3 and T4.

    Release of Thyroid Hormone

    • Follicular cells engulf colloid via phagocytosis.
    • Lysosomes digest thyroglobulin, releasing T3, T4, MIT, and DIT.
    • Free T3 and T4 enter the bloodstream and bind to transport proteins (thyroid-binding globulin).

    Actions

    • Metabolic processes
    • Growth development
    • Cardiovascular function
    • Intermediary metabolism
    • Sympathomimetic.

    Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism

    • Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms like cold intolerance, weakness, weight gain, slow heart rate, and a larger thyroid gland.
    • Hyperthyroidism: High thyroid hormone levels, leading to symptoms such as high heart rate, muscle weakness, mood swings, and weight loss

    Adrenal Glands

    • Respond to both acute and chronic stress.
    • Located on top of each kidney.
    • Cortex: Produces steroid hormones like mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and androgens.
    • Medulla: Produces catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine.

    Module 2 - Growth and Calcium Metabolism

    • Growth Hormone (GH): Secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulating protein synthesis, cell division, fat breakdown, and chondrocyte activity.
    • Controlled by GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) and GHIH (somatostatin).
    • Hypothalamus: Monitors and regulates internal environment. Releases peptides that affect pituitary hormones.
    • Thyroid hormone (TH): Promotes growth.
    • Calcitonin: secreted by thyroid's C cells, lowers blood calcium.
    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): secreted by para glands, raises blood calcium.
    • Vitamin D: converted to calcitriol, increases calcium absorption.
    • Hypocalcemia: low blood calcium, causes spasms, tingling, and cardiac issues.
    • Hypercalcemia: high blood calcium, causes fatigue, confusion, and kidney stones.

    Pineal Gland's Role in Reproductive Hormones

    • Melatonin affects GnRH secretion, linking light exposure to reproductive cycles (e.g., seasonal breeding in animals and circadian effects in humans).
    • Steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone and estrogen) bind to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).

    Male Reproductive System

    • Tests: Produce sperm.
    • Sperm production (spermatogenesis) is affected by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone.

    Female Reproductive System

    • Oogenesis (ova production).
    • Cycle: Follicular phase (estrogen secretion), ovulation (LH surge), and luteal phase (progesterone secretion).
    • Uterine cycle: Endometrial changes during menstrual cycle.

    Module 2- Fetal Development & Maternal

    • Placental functions: Interface gases exchange/nutrient delivery, and waste elimination.
    • Passive immunity, maternal antibodies transfer to fetus.
    • Maternal physiological changes (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal).
    • Parturition (childbirth): Hormone regulation (estrogen, oxytocin, prostaglandins), stages of labor (dilation, expulsion, placental), and uterine involution.

    Module 2- Lactation

    • Preparation during pregnancy: Estrogen stimulates milk duct growth, progesterone inhibits milk secretion.
    • Milk secretion post-birth: prolactin stimulates milk production.
    • Let-down reflex: oxytocin, released in response to suckling, causes myoepithelial cell contraction, ejecting milk.
    • Milk composition: Contains essential nutrients, and immune components, like antibodies and lysozymes, and colostrum.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Complications in fertilization, including ectopic pregnancy.
    • Gestational complications, such as pre-eclampsia.
    • Postpartum complications, including postpartum hemorrhage.

    Module 3- Introduction into Respiratory System

    • Respiratory system is crucial for gas exchange, allowing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide expulsion.
    • Two types of respiration: internal (oxygen use and carbon dioxide production) and external (bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide).
    • Ventilation involves air movement in and out of lungs.

    Anatomy of the Respiratory System

    • Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
    • Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

    Module 3- Lung Volumes and Respiratory Dysfunction

    • Lung volumes include tidal volume (VT), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV).
    • Lung capacities incorporate combinations of lung volumes (e.g., inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, total lung capacity).
    • Obstructive lung disease: increased airway resistance and difficulty exhaling (e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema)
    • Restrictive lung disease: reduced lung volumes (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis).

    Module 3- Ventilation

    • Minute ventilation: total amount of air inhaled per minute
    • Expiratory flow (pulmonary function) testing.
    • Work of breathing: overcoming elastic forces and airway resistance
    • Gas exchange in lungs and tissues (process and driving forces)
    • Partial pressures of gases (important for gas exchange)
    • Factors affecting oxygen dissociation curve
    • Mechanism of carbon dioxide transport

    Module 3 - Control of Ventilation

    • Peripheral chemoreceptors
    • Central chemoreceptors
    • Chemical and mechanical factors affecting ventilation.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key topics of endocrinology, including hormone functions, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and the types of hormones released by various glands. Explore the roles of hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones and their mechanisms of action. This quiz covers the fundamental concepts critical to understanding endocrine physiology.

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