Endocrinology and Dermatology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is associated with lactation and has a role in weight loss?

  • Gonadotropin
  • ACTH
  • Prolactin (correct)
  • MSH

Bendorphin is known for its stimulating effect on the immune system.

False (B)

What condition is indicated by an adenoma in the Pars Intermedia related to PPID?

Cushing's disease

The ______ effect of ACTH can lead to muscle loss.

<p>catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their primary effects:

<p>Prolactin = Lactation and nurturing ACTH = Stimulates cortisol production MSH = Regulation of skin pigmentation Bendorphin = Induces sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chromatophores in organisms?

<p>Color change and camouflage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epidermis contains connective tissue.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is holometabolism?

<p>Complete metamorphosis involving distinct life stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the outermost layer of the skin that provides a barrier against environmental factors.

<p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following skin layers with their functions:

<p>Epidermis = Barrier against pathogens Dermis = Contains blood vessels and nerves Hypodermis = Insulation and fat storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of blood-sucking parasites?

<p>They harm their host by feeding on their blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell surface receptors play a significant role in cellular signaling.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lipids in the epidermis?

<p>They create a watertight seal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hypersensitivity reactions, the immune complex formation leads to the activation of the _____ system.

<p>complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Neutrophils = White blood cells that respond to infection T lymphocytes = Cells involved in cell-mediated immunity IgG = A type of antibody found in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex formation?

<p>Type III (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canine blue eye is associated with immune complex hypersensitivity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the sensitization phase of an allergic reaction?

<p>Specific T lymphocytes are generated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ granules in mast cells contain histamine.

<p>granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation?

<p>Dermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanocytes in the dermis?

<p>Pigmentation and photoprotection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mid-dermal plexus supplies blood to the sebaceous glands.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor binds to cytokines in the immune response?

<p>Cell surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which blood-sucking parasites attach and feed on their hosts is called ______.

<p>parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the skin layers with their primary functions:

<p>Epidermis = Barrier against environmental damage Dermis = Supports and nourishes the epidermis Subcutis = Insulation and shock absorption Mid-dermal plexus = Blood supply to skin structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood supply to the touch and pressure receptors is primarily adrenergic.

<p>True (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motoneurons are primarily responsible for sensory responses in the dermis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Atopic Dermatitis primarily characterized by?

<p>Inflammation and skin irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells that act as antigen-presenting cells in the skin are called ______.

<p>Langerhans cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions with their respective components in the skin:

<p>Sebaceous Glands = Oil secretion for skin hydration Sweat Glands = Thermoregulation through perspiration Arachnodactyly = Hypermobile joints Nociceptors = Pain sensation detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deepest layer of the skin that contributes to the blood supply?

<p>Deep dermal plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Holometabolism refers to the complete transformation of insects from larva to adult.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skin layer acts as a barrier against UV light?

<p>Melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood-sucking parasites typically have specialized ______ to facilitate attachment to their hosts.

<p>mouthparts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cell plays a key role in immune response?

<p>Langerhans cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

PPID

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction; a pituitary gland disorder.

Adenoma

A benign tumor in the Pars Intermedia of the pituitary gland.

Pars Intermedia

A part of the pituitary gland.

Weight loss/Catabolic effect

A breakdown of skeletal muscle, associated with weight loss in some cases

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Lethargy/Sedative effect

A feeling of tiredness or lack of energy, often caused by hormone imbalance

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Immune Suppression

Weakening of the body's immune system.

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MSH

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone; a hormone secreted by the Pars Intermedia.

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Allergic Reaction Phase 1

Initial encounter with an allergen, leading to the sensitization of immune cells.

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Allergic Reaction Phase 2

Subsequent exposure to the same allergen triggers a rapid immune response.

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IgE Antibody

Antibodies that bind to mast cells and trigger the release of histamine in an allergic response.

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Mast Cell Granules

Small containers within mast cells that store histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

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Histamine Release

The process of releasing histamine from mast cells, causing the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

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Immediate Hypersensitivity

An allergic reaction that happens rapidly after exposure to an allergen.

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Immune Complex Hypersensitivity

An immune response where antibodies and antigens bind together, triggering an inflammatory response.

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Complement System

A group of proteins in the blood that help destroy pathogens and damaged cells.

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Phagocytosis

A process where cells engulf and destroy pathogens or debris.

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Sensitisation Phase

The first exposure to an allergen, during which the immune system creates specific immune cells to respond to that specific allergen.

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Dermal Nerves

Sensory and motor nerves in the dermis, responsible for sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

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Blood Supply to Dermis

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the dermis through blood vessels. Different nerve pathways (cholinergic and adrenergic) provide these resources to various regions.

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Melanocytes

Pigment-producing cells in the dermis, responsible for skin color and photoprotection.

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Dermal Plexuses

Networks of blood vessels in different layers of the skin (e.g. mid-dermal and superficial), supplying blood and nutrients to the skin's structures.

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Sebaceous Glands

Glands in the dermis that secrete sebum, a fatty substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

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Sweat Glands

Glands in the dermis that produce sweat, helping to regulate body temperature.

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Langerhans Cells

Immune cells in the epidermis that present antigens (foreign substances) to the immune system.

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Hair Follicles

Structures in the skin that produce hair, which are connected to oil-producing glands.

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Atopic Dermatitis

A chronic inflammatory skin condition with symptoms like itching and inflammation.

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Anaphylaxis

A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening.

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Study Notes

Skin

  • Cells: epidermis, melanocytes (pigment), Langerhans cells (antigen), nerves in dermis (sensory and motor)
  • Blood supply: deep, mid, superficial dermal plexus
  • Glands: Sebaceous glands (near hair follicles), eccrine sweat glands (associated with hair follicles), apocrine sweat glands (not associated with hair follicles)
  • Types of hypersensitivities: Type 1 (anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis), Type 2 (antibody mediated cytotoxicity), Type 3 (immune complex hypersensitivity), Type 4 (cell mediated)

Exotic & Avian Integument

  • Rats & Ferrets: lack sweat glands (except on feet), lots of sebaceous glands
  • Rabbits: furry feet, large ears for thermoregulation, scent glands
  • Guinea pigs: thick foot pads, hairless behind ears
  • Chinchillas: dense coat, need dust baths, fur slip
  • Hamsters: loose, stretchy skin, scent glands
  • Rats: zymbals glands, tail slip, mammary tissue
  • Reptiles: dry skin, few glands (femoral and cloacal), epidermis layers (stratum germinativum, intermediate layer, stratum corneum)

Bugs

  • Fleas are Holometabolous, obligate blood-suckers, feed on various species
  • Flies are Holometabolous, feed on various species, belong to various families (Simuliidae, Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Muscidae, Tabanidae, Hippoboscidae, Glossinidae, Oestridae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae)

Cell-Surface Receptor Protein

  • 3 target classes: G protein, ion channel-linked, enzyme-linked
  • Second Messenger Signaling: intra-cellular (cAMP, calcium ions)
  • Intracellular proteins: molecular switches via phosphorylation

Thyroid

  • Produces T3 and T4, calcitonin
  • Stimulated by TRH and TSH
  • Regulates basal metabolic rate
  • Follicular cells synthesize thyroglobulin
  • Remainder of T4 made to rT3 = regulatory action of T3

Glucocorticoids

  • Produced by the zona fasciculata in the adrenal glands
  • Stress hormone
  • Inhibits insulin storage to promote glucose usage
  • Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

Equine Pars Pituitary Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)

  • Adenoma in pars intermedia
  • Excessive production of POMC
  • Lack of inhibitory control from dopamine from the hypothalamus
  • Clinical signs:
  • High levels of ACTH, MSH
  • Poor glucose control
  • Other clinical signs will vary based on individual animals.

Catecholamines

  • Synthesis and kinetics
  • Receptors (Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2) and their effects
  • Alpha 1: vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, intestinal relaxation, pilo motor contraction, bladder sphincter contraction
  • Alpha 2: sedation & anaesthesia
  • Beta 1: HR, contractility
  • Beta 2: vasodilation, bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, lipolysis

GIT Hormones

  • Gastrin: Made in G cells in duodenum/stomach, stimulated by peptides, amino acids increase gastric acid release pepsinogen activation & motility
  • Secretin: made in duodenum, stimulated by H+ & fatty acids, increase bicarbonate release
  • CCK: made in duodenum, stimulated by fatty acids, amino acids, increase pancreatic enzyme & bile, gallbladder contraction
  • GIP: made in small intestine, stimulated by fats, sugars & amino acids, inhibiting gastric secretion & release of insulin in response to blood glucose
  • Ghrelin: made by stomach & pancreas, stimulated by starvation, effect: strong appetite

Wounds

  • 3 Phases of healing: inflammatory, fibroplasia/repair, maturation (matrix synthesis/degradation)
  • Dressings: absorb moisture (wet-to-dry, alginates, foam, hydrocolloids), retain moisture (hydrogels, blister plasters)

The Hypothalamus

  • Co-ordinates Autonomic Nervous System + Endocrine System
  • Monitors the internal + external environment
  • Regulates hormone secretion & acts on pituitary

Metabolism

  • During digestion, large organic molecules are degraded by hydrolysis
  • Excess carbohydrates and protein converted to triglycerides

Glucocorticoid Actions

  • Mobilization of stored fat and lipids
  • Catabolism of muscle proteins
  • Antagonizes / opposes insulin action
  • Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis

Hormones

  • Overview of different classes
  • Feedback regulation

The Pancreas (Endocrine)

  • Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, produced by different cells in the islets of Langerhans
  • Insulin- Water-soluble hormone required for glucose uptake in muscle+ fat cells
  • Glucagon-primarily acts on liver, stimulates glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis, stimulated by blood glucose

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