Questions and Answers
What is one primary impact of DNA damage over a lifetime?
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) increase with age.
False
What role do growth factors like IGF-1 play in muscle cells?
They signal muscle cells to increase in size and number.
Mitochondrial DNA damage increases with __________.
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Which hormone is primarily stimulated by Growth Hormone (GH)?
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Match the following components with their roles in aging:
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Obesity has no effect on Growth Hormone production.
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What is one consequence of the breakdown products of lipids in the body?
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What is the primary role of mitochondria in cells?
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The neuroendocrine system has no impact on the aging process.
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Name one hormone involved in the neuroendocrine control of aging.
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According to the membrane theory of aging, age-related changes affect the cell's ability to transfer __________.
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Match the aging theories with their descriptions:
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Which nutrient is NOT mentioned as a support for mitochondrial function?
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Hormone replacement therapy can potentially increase longevity in lab mice.
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What does the decline theory primarily associate aging with?
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What is the estimated lifespan of a tortoise based on its cell division capacity?
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The production of melatonin increases with age.
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Which hormones are mentioned as having a declining level during aging?
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The _____ signaling pathway plays a key role in the hormonal regulation of aging.
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Match the hormones to their effects on aging:
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What is a potential risk associated with hormone replacement therapies for aging men?
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DHEA is produced in the pituitary gland.
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What therapy is often used to combat bone loss after menopause?
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Study Notes
Cell Division and Longevity
- Increased cell division could correlate with longer life spans; tortoises can divide cells 140 times, living up to 200 years.
Endocrine Theory of Aging
- Hormonal regulation is pivotal in aging, evidenced by the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway.
- Growth Hormone: Produced by the pituitary gland, it influences body composition and muscle/bone strength; production decreases with age.
- Sex Hormones: Estrogen levels drop after menopause, affecting bone density and frailty. Low testosterone diminishes muscle strength.
- Melatonin: Secreted by the pineal gland, its levels decline with age, impacting the entire endocrine system.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A weak male hormone from adrenal glands; its decline is linked to immune deficits and increased chronic illness risk.
Hormone Replacement Therapies
- Estrogen Replacement: Mitigates bone loss post-menopause and may prevent cardiovascular issues.
- Testosterone Therapy: Benefits aging men by enhancing muscle/bone mass but carries cancer risks.
- DHEA Sulfate: Boosts interleukin-2 levels, integral for immune responses.
DNA Damage and Repair
- DNA damage accumulates due to factors like oxygen radicals and UV light, leading to gene malfunction and tissue deterioration.
- Repair mechanisms vary; germ cells show superior DNA repair capabilities, particularly in genes regulating cell proliferation.
- Mitochondrial DNA damage contributes to diseases emerging late in life, including late-onset diabetes.
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs)
- HSPs help cells manage stress, but their levels decline with age, affecting protein repair and synthesis.
- HSP-70 has similarities to stress-released hormones, revealing a connection to stress response.
Growth and Trophic Factors
- Chemical messengers, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), promote muscle cell activity and development.
- GH secretion can be stimulated by exercise; obesity negatively impacts GH production.
Error Theory
- Suggests aging results from transcription errors in DNA synthesis, leading to inefficient biological systems and eventual organismal decline.
Membrane Theory of Aging
- Proposes that age-related changes in cell membranes reduce their effectiveness in transferring chemicals, heat, and electrical signals, causing toxic build-up.
Decline Theory
- Focuses on mitochondria as crucial for energy production (ATP). Aging affects mitochondrial function, and nutrients like Acetyl-L-Carnitine and CoQ10 are essential for mitochondrial health.
Emerging Theories of Aging
- Neuroendocrine Control or Pacemaker Theory: Investigates how the neuroendocrine system, particularly the hypothalamus and hormones like DHEA and melatonin, influences aging; DHEA supplementation shows potential in increasing longevity and immunity in lab studies.
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Description
Explore the relationship between cell division, hormone regulation, and aging. This quiz delves into topics such as growth hormones, sex hormones, and hormone replacement therapies. Understand how various hormones impact longevity and overall health.
