Questions and Answers
What does 'suprarenal' refer to?
What are the adrenal glands?
Endocrine glands on the superior pole of each kidney.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Where are the kidneys located?
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What is the hilus of the kidney?
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What does the renal cortex refer to?
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What is the function of the renal medulla?
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What are renal pyramids?
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What is the role of calyces in the kidney?
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What is the renal pelvis?
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What does the renal artery supply?
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What is the afferent arteriole?
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What is the function of the glomerulus?
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What is filtration in the kidney?
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What happens during reabsorption in the kidneys?
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What is secretion in kidney function?
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What is the role of the efferent arteriole?
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What are peritubular capillaries?
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What does the renal vein do?
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What is a nephron?
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What is Bowman's capsule?
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What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
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What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?
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What is the Loop of Henle?
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What are collecting tubules?
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What are ureters?
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What is the function of the bladder?
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What is the trigone?
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What is the destrusor?
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What is the urethra?
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What does micturition refer to?
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Study Notes
Suprarenal
- Relates to the adrenal glands located atop each kidney.
Adrenal Glands
- Endocrine structures that comprise outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla.
Endocrine System
- A network for internal hormone communication, functioning without ducts; hormones released directly into bloodstream.
Kidneys
- Compound tubular glands containing nephrons, located along the posterior abdomen (T12 to L3) and shielded by ribs 11 and 12.
- Functions include blood filtration, urine production, and erythropoietin synthesis.
Hilus of Kidney
- A slit on the kidney's medial surface for the entry of renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter.
Renal Cortex
- The outer layer of the kidney, creating extensions that split the medulla into pyramids.
Renal Medulla
- Inner kidney layer characterized by structural divisions known as renal pyramids.
Renal Pyramids
- Conical sections of the renal medulla that connect to the minor calyx.
Calyces
- Minor calyces at the tips of renal pyramids collect urine; major calyces are fused minor calyces creating the renal pelvis.
Renal Pelvis
- Funnel-shaped structure formed from major calyces, serving as the conduit to the ureter.
Renal Artery
- Artery supplying the kidney with deoxygenated blood, branching into smaller vessels leading to the afferent arterioles.
Afferent Arteriole
- Smallest renal artery channeling "dirty" blood into each nephron, leading to the glomerulus.
Glomerulus
- A ball-shaped cluster of capillaries receiving blood from afferent arterioles and draining into efferent arterioles.
Filtration
- Kidney function producing plasma-like filtrate; allows water and small particles to escape the bloodstream while retaining blood cells and proteins.
Reabsorption
- Process in kidneys reclaiming valuable substances like glucose from tubular fluid back into the blood.
Secretion
- Mechanism in kidneys where waste components are transferred from blood to tubular fluid.
Efferent Arteriole
- Arteriole draining the glomerulus, leading to peritubular capillaries.
Peritubular Capillaries
- Extensions from the efferent arterioles forming a network around nephron tubules, responsible for reabsorption of fluids and solutes. Vasa recta are specialized versions found in renal medulla.
Renal Vein
- Vein collecting purified blood from peritubular capillaries, running parallel to corresponding arteries.
Nephron
- Functional unit of the kidney consisting of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule; approximately 1.2 million per kidney.
Bowman's Capsule
- Structure encasing the glomerulus, collecting filtrate for the proximal convoluted tubule.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Segment of renal tubule responsible for reabsorption and secretion, originating from the glomerular capsule.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Section of renal tubule located in the renal cortex, responsible for water absorption influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Loop of Henle
- U-shaped section of the renal tubule primarily in the medulla, maintaining osmolarity gradient.
Collecting Tubules
- Straight tubules branching from the DCT that descend into the medulla, part of the renal tubule framework.
Ureters
- Muscular tubes transporting urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder, entering bladder from its base.
Bladder
- Muscular sac positioned in the pelvic cavity, functioning as the temporary urine storage organ.
Trigone
- A smooth triangular area in the bladder’s floor defined by urethra and ureters; a common site for infections.
Detrusor
- Muscular layer of the bladder composed of three indistinct smooth muscle layers.
Urethra
- Tube facilitating the exit of urine from the bladder to the external environment.
Micturition
- Medical term for the act of urination.
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Test your knowledge on key terms related to the endocrine system, specifically focusing on adrenal glands and their functions. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how hormones are communicated in the body.
