Endocrine System: Thyroid Gland and Hormones

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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of excessive water intake in cortisol deficiency?

It causes water deficiency in the body

It leads to water retention in the body

It leads to water poisoning (correct)

It has no effect on the body

Which hormone is responsible for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body?

Aldosterone (correct)

Desoxycorticosterone

Progesterone

Estrogen

What is the result of insufficient secretion of aldosterone?

Decreased blood volume and heart rate (correct)

Increased sodium levels in the blood

Increased blood pressure

Increased potassium levels in the blood

What is the role of desoxycorticosterone?

To increase connective tissue in inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive aldosterone secretion?

Increased muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the emergence of the gender instinct in women?

Androgen Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

It increases the reabsorption of sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition where the thyroid gland continuously grows due to excessive stimulation by TSH?

Thyrotoxicosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Calcitonin (CT)?

Prevents bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of androgens in men?

To increase voice thickening, hair growth, and muscle tone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) deficiency?

Increased bone resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

Decreases blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for the condition where the blood glucose level falls below normal due to excessive insulin secretion?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hyperglycemia?

Hypoglycemic shock Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is responsible for producing insulin and glucagon?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Increases glucose release from the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

Constriction of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

Increases blood vessel permeability to allow white blood cells and proteins to reach the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of high blood pressure?

To decrease the production of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of a decrease in blood pressure to the glomeruli?

Increased production of erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prostaglandins in the context of asthma?

Prostaglandins are responsible for the constriction of airways in asthma Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in erythropoiesis?

Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glucocorticoids?

Regulating protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol and corticosterone Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of glucocorticoid deficiency?

Decreased blood glucose level Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for releasing adrenaline?

Adrenal medulla Signup and view all the answers

Corticosteroid hormones are synthesized in which part of the adrenal gland?

Adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant function of the hormone cortisol?

Facilitating glucose formation from proteins and fats Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

Cortex and medulla Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thyroid gland located?

In the lower anterior region of the neck, in the lower part of the larynx and above the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the regulation of thyroid hormones?

TSH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T3 and T4?

Stimulating tissue metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones?

Decreases the oxidation of fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between T3 and T4?

T4 is less active than T3 and is released abundantly Signup and view all the answers

How does thyroxine hormone affect glycogen?

It prevents the formation of glycogen and converts glycogen into glucose from the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thyroid gland?

It is located in the upper neck region Signup and view all the answers

What effect does thyroxine hormone have on the kidneys?

It facilitates kidney function and increases urine output Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body, located in the lower anterior region of the neck, weighing around 25-30 grams.
It consists of two lobes connected by the isthmus part.
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic activities in the body.

Thyroid Hormones

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) regulates the production of thyroid hormones.
T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are the two main thyroid hormones.
T3 is more active and has a shorter half-life than T4.
T4 is less active but more abundant and converts to T3 in the plasma.
Thyroid hormones stimulate tissue metabolism, increase sympathetic activity, and regulate body temperature and growth.

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Provide normal growth and development by stimulating protein synthesis.
Regulate metabolic activities, increasing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.
Increase respiratory rate and heart rate.
Stimulate the oxidation of fatty acids in adipose tissue.
Convert glycogen into glucose in the liver and prevent glycogen formation.

Parathyroid Hormones

The parathyroid gland is located around the thyroid gland and produces parathormone.
Parathormone stimulates bone resorption, increases plasma calcium levels, and prevents osteoporosis.
Deficiency in parathormone can lead to hypocalcemia, tetany, and cramps.

Pancreas Hormones

Insulin is produced by the Langerhans islets and regulates blood sugar levels.
Insulin stimulates glucose storage in the liver, enables glucose use in cells, and decreases blood sugar.
Deficiency in insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar levels, and can cause hyperglycemia.
Glucagon, on the other hand, increases glucose release from the liver, increasing blood sugar levels.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol and corticosterone) affect protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium and hydrogen ions.
Androgens (e.g., androcorticoids) play a role in sexual development and gender instinct.

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, while noradrenaline has more specific effects on the heart and blood vessels.

Endocrine Function of the Kidney

The kidney produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure, and erythropoietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis.
The kidney also synthesizes prostaglandins, which have a role in mediating asthma and chronic inflammation in the lung.

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Description

Learn about the thyroid gland, its location, and its hormones. This quiz also covers the adrenal cortex and gonads and their hormones.