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Endocrine System: Thyroid Gland and Hormones
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Endocrine System: Thyroid Gland and Hormones

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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of excessive water intake in cortisol deficiency?

  • It causes water deficiency in the body
  • It leads to water retention in the body
  • It leads to water poisoning (correct)
  • It has no effect on the body

    • Which hormone is responsible for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body?

  • Aldosterone (correct)
  • Desoxycorticosterone
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen

    • What is the result of insufficient secretion of aldosterone?

  • Decreased blood volume and heart rate (correct)
  • Increased sodium levels in the blood
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased potassium levels in the blood

    • What is the role of desoxycorticosterone?

    <p>To increase connective tissue in inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Increased muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the emergence of the gender instinct in women?

    <p>Androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

    <p>It increases the reabsorption of sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition where the thyroid gland continuously grows due to excessive stimulation by TSH?

    <p>Thyrotoxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Calcitonin (CT)?

    <p>Prevents bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of androgens in men?

    <p>To increase voice thickening, hair growth, and muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) deficiency?

    <p>Increased bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>Decreases blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the condition where the blood glucose level falls below normal due to excessive insulin secretion?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Hypoglycemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing insulin and glucagon?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon?

    <p>Increases glucose release from the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

    <p>Constriction of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Increases blood vessel permeability to allow white blood cells and proteins to reach the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of high blood pressure?

    <p>To decrease the production of angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of a decrease in blood pressure to the glomeruli?

    <p>Increased production of erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prostaglandins in the context of asthma?

    <p>Prostaglandins are responsible for the constriction of airways in asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in erythropoiesis?

    <p>Kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Regulating protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cortisol and corticosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential effects of glucocorticoid deficiency?

    <p>Decreased blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for releasing adrenaline?

    <p>Adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corticosteroid hormones are synthesized in which part of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant function of the hormone cortisol?

    <p>Facilitating glucose formation from proteins and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Cortex and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located?

    <p>In the lower anterior region of the neck, in the lower part of the larynx and above the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the regulation of thyroid hormones?

    <p>TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T3 and T4?

    <p>Stimulating tissue metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Decreases the oxidation of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between T3 and T4?

    <p>T4 is less active than T3 and is released abundantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thyroxine hormone affect glycogen?

    <p>It prevents the formation of glycogen and converts glycogen into glucose from the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thyroid gland?

    <p>It is located in the upper neck region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does thyroxine hormone have on the kidneys?

    <p>It facilitates kidney function and increases urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Gland and Its Hormones

    • The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body, located in the lower anterior region of the neck, weighing around 25-30 grams.
    • It consists of two lobes connected by the isthmus part.
    • The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic activities in the body.

    Thyroid Hormones

    • TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) regulates the production of thyroid hormones.
    • T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are the two main thyroid hormones.
    • T3 is more active and has a shorter half-life than T4.
    • T4 is less active but more abundant and converts to T3 in the plasma.
    • Thyroid hormones stimulate tissue metabolism, increase sympathetic activity, and regulate body temperature and growth.

    Functions of Thyroid Hormones

    • Provide normal growth and development by stimulating protein synthesis.
    • Regulate metabolic activities, increasing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.
    • Increase respiratory rate and heart rate.
    • Stimulate the oxidation of fatty acids in adipose tissue.
    • Convert glycogen into glucose in the liver and prevent glycogen formation.

    Parathyroid Hormones

    • The parathyroid gland is located around the thyroid gland and produces parathormone.
    • Parathormone stimulates bone resorption, increases plasma calcium levels, and prevents osteoporosis.
    • Deficiency in parathormone can lead to hypocalcemia, tetany, and cramps.

    Pancreas Hormones

    • Insulin is produced by the Langerhans islets and regulates blood sugar levels.
    • Insulin stimulates glucose storage in the liver, enables glucose use in cells, and decreases blood sugar.
    • Deficiency in insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar levels, and can cause hyperglycemia.
    • Glucagon, on the other hand, increases glucose release from the liver, increasing blood sugar levels.

    Adrenal Cortex Hormones

    • The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
    • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol and corticosterone) affect protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
    • Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium and hydrogen ions.
    • Androgens (e.g., androcorticoids) play a role in sexual development and gender instinct.

    Adrenal Medulla Hormones

    • The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
    • Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, while noradrenaline has more specific effects on the heart and blood vessels.

    Endocrine Function of the Kidney

    • The kidney produces renin, which helps regulate blood pressure, and erythropoietin, which stimulates erythropoiesis.
    • The kidney also synthesizes prostaglandins, which have a role in mediating asthma and chronic inflammation in the lung.

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    Description

    Learn about the thyroid gland, its location, and its hormones. This quiz also covers the adrenal cortex and gonads and their hormones.

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