Endocrine System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

  • Providing structural support to the body
  • Governing all physiological activities through hormones (correct)
  • Transporting nutrients through the bloodstream
  • Producing external secretions such as sweat

    • Which of the following statements correctly defines autocrine signaling?

  • Signals that bind to the same cell that produced them (correct)
  • Signals that are excreted through ducts
  • Signals that act on nearby target tissues
  • Signals that are distributed to distant organs through the bloodstream

    • How does the endocrine system differ from the exocrine system?

  • The exocrine system regulates the body's metabolism
  • The endocrine system relies on the internal secretion of hormones (correct)
  • The endocrine system secrete hormones into ducts
  • The exocrine system includes hormones traveling through the bloodstream

    • Which gland is NOT considered a primary endocrine organ?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of negative feedback loops in hormonal control?

    <p>To maintain homeostasis by regulating hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signaling involves substances secreted near their target tissues?

    <p>Paracrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines hormones in the context of the endocrine system?

    <p>Signal-transduction molecules that travel through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for producing thyroid hormones?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are characterized as gene products that cannot easily cross the cell membrane?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism promotes hormone release in response to changes in blood nutrient levels?

    <p>Humoral stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is an example of an amino acid hormone?

    <p>Thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?

    <p>Nuclear hormone receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is derived from membrane arachidonic acids?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about peptide hormones is true?

    <p>They activate G-protein-coupled receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do steroid hormones primarily influence within target cells?

    <p>Gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a steroid hormone?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is primarily responsible for the structure of steroid hormones?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is specific to amino acid hormones compared to peptide hormones?

    <p>They may activate both surface and internal receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of hormone receptor complexes binding to DNA?

    <p>Alteration of transcription rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a hormone that activates G-protein-coupled receptors?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily governs hormones derived from nerves?

    <p>Neural stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines humoral stimulation in hormone release mechanisms?

    <p>Response to changes in blood ions or nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone in Leydig cells?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does testosterone have on the secretion of LH?

    <p>Inhibits LH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of anabolic steroids?

    <p>Gynecomastia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does inhibin B play in the regulation of FSH?

    <p>Inhibits FSH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of anabolic steroids?

    <p>Enhanced immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxytocin in females?

    <p>Causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood glucose levels following a meal?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the location of the pineal body?

    <p>Above the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a negative feedback loop primarily function in hormone regulation?

    <p>It stops hormone release in response to a decrease in stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for storing but not producing hormones?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the growth hormone (GH) have directly on the body?

    <p>Stimulates fat breakdown for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones released by the anterior pituitary are regulated by hypothalamic peptides?

    <p>Growth Hormone and Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the positive feedback loop during childbirth?

    <p>Infant nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition affects the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

    <p>Lack of feedback signals from target organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Stimulate kidney water conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>It contains gland cells controlled by hypothalamic hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the hypothalamus to release more oxytocin during breastfeeding?

    <p>Breast suction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

    <p>By regulating them via hypophyseal portal circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding insulin's role?

    <p>It lowers blood glucose by promoting its uptake by tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

    <p>Calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Decreases blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism mediates the action of thyroid hormones like T3 and T4?

    <p>Binding to thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of the thyroid leading to hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hashimoto disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is TSH regulated in relation to thyroid hormone levels?

    <p>Increased by low T4 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on bones?

    <p>Releases stored calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the production of calcitonin?

    <p>Parafollicular (C) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is involved in the regulation of metabolic rate?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is a low calcium concentration in the blood?

    <p>Release of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormone is calcitonin classified as?

    <p>Peptide hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameters indicate thyroid dysfunction with typical serum ranges?

    <p>TSH: 0.5-6 uU/ml, T4: 4.6-12ug/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of calcitriol in the body?

    <p>Enhance calcium absorption in the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenal cortex region is responsible for secreting glucocorticoids?

    <p>Zona fasciculata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the enzyme 11β-HSD2 play in mineralocorticoid target tissues?

    <p>Converts cortisol to an inactive metabolite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the rapid effects mediated by glucocorticoids through glucocorticoid receptor activation?

    <p>Transcriptional activation of target genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mineralocorticoids primarily function in the kidneys?

    <p>Increasing reabsorption of sodium and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main steroid hormones produced by the zona reticularis?

    <p>Adrenal androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues is NOT a target for mineralocorticoids?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the conversion of prorenin to renin in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucocorticoids are known for their ability to exert effects on metabolism during which condition?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of angiotensin II following its secretion?

    <p>Stimulate aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in the immune response?

    <p>Inhibit immune cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a zone of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Zona medullaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterols are taken up by adrenocortical cells through which type of receptor?

    <p>LDL receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Derived from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of prolonged glucocorticoid treatment?

    <p>Adrenal atrophy and loss of glucocorticoid output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone regulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

    <p>Ovulatory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone surge is responsible for initiating ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adrenal androgens in post-menopausal women?

    <p>Major source of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the uterine wall undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feedback mechanism do glucocorticoids exert on ACTH secretion?

    <p>Negative feedback at both the pituitary and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol during acute stress?

    <p>Promote survival through the fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers increased secretion of ACTH?

    <p>Injury and stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ovarian cell type is primarily controlled by LH for steroid hormone production?

    <p>Theca cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of increasing levels of estradiol (E2) during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Inhibits FSH and LH production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Thickening of the endometrial lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can chronic elevations in cortisol contribute to?

    <p>Metabolic syndrome and increased susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a physiological change observed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Selection and maturation of a dominant follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of progesterone in the uterus?

    <p>Develops a secretory endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the coordination of reproductive processes in males?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is testosterone metabolized in the body?

    <p>Converted to inactive forms in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Leydig cells within the testes?

    <p>Production of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable non-genomic pathway of estrogen function?

    <p>Activation of multiple kinase pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does estrogen have on cholesterol levels?

    <p>Increases HDL and decreases LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the male reproductive system is responsible for the storage and maturation of sperm?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feedback mechanism regulates testosterone release in males?

    <p>Negative feedback from testosterone and estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main anabolic effects of testosterone in males?

    <p>Increased lean muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Sertoli cells in the testes?

    <p>Support sperm maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does progesterone have on T-cell function?

    <p>Depresses T-cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum form?

    <p>Luteal Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for the growth of breast tissue?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers menstruation in the female reproductive cycle?

    <p>Regression of the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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