Endocrine System Overview
56 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What defines hormones?

  • Compounds produced in secretory tissues and transported in the blood (correct)
  • Vitamins derived from dietary sources
  • Proteins that function exclusively within local tissues
  • Compounds synthesized in the liver only

What is the primary function of vasopressin?

  • Regulating blood glucose levels
  • Stimulating digestion in the stomach
  • Controlling osmotic balance and blood pressure (correct)
  • Promoting hair growth

Which gland is associated with the release of oxytocin?

  • Posterior pituitary gland (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Thyroid gland

What are the two mechanisms of action for human growth hormone (HGH)?

<p>Direct and indirect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors regulate the production of human growth hormone (HGH)?

<p>Nutrition, sleep, and ghrelin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in social-emotional processes?

<p>Promotes trust and relationship-building (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is human growth hormone (HGH) produced?

<p>Anterior pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of vasopressin on the kidneys?

<p>Induces expression of water transport proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) after binding to its receptor?

<p>To promote cellular replication and division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes Graves' disease?

<p>Production of TSH receptor antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do thyroid hormones primarily affect the basal metabolic rate?

<p>By activating genes that increase metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physiological effects is associated with thyroid hormones?

<p>Increased expression of beta-receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of primary hypothyroidism?

<p>Decreased production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do thyroid hormones have on proteins at high doses?

<p>They induce protein catabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of thyroid hormones in circulation?

<p>Only a small fraction is active and unbound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Hashimoto disease?

<p>Increased energy levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hyperthyroidism, which hormone is typically found in lower levels due to feedback mechanisms?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium levels?

<p>It increases calcium absorption in the intestines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of secondary hypothyroidism?

<p>Pituitary disorders causing decreased TSH release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important role of thyroid hormones during the prenatal period?

<p>They promote brain maturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased intraorbital fat volume?

<p>Graves' disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Graves disease is commonly associated with which of the following conditions?

<p>Excess production of T3 and T4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does calcitonin have on osteoclast activity?

<p>Inhibits osteoclast action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does circulating PTH have on phosphate reabsorption?

<p>Decreases phosphate reabsorption at the proximal tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone acts to inhibit prolactin synthesis and secretion in the anterior pituitary?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known condition that leads to elevated levels of prolactin?

<p>Pregnancy and lactation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary actions of insulin in muscle tissue?

<p>Increases amino acids uptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the adrenal medulla to stress?

<p>Releases catecholamines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about glucagon is true?

<p>It increases blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does dopamine play regarding prolactin?

<p>Inhibits prolactin synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of insulin on adipose tissue?

<p>Decreased glucose entry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do catecholamines have on carbohydrate and fat metabolism?

<p>They promote the degradation of glycogen and triacylglycerol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of glucocorticoids like cortisol?

<p>Regulate immune response by inducing apoptosis of T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect glucose homeostasis?

<p>It increases blood glucose availability to the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following ways does aldosterone primarily function?

<p>It promotes sodium and water reabsorption while excreting potassium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in the stress response?

<p>It stimulates the release of catecholamines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily released in response to stress and is associated with fighting inflammation?

<p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects is NOT associated with catecholamines?

<p>Decreased breakdown of fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary physiological process is regulated by the actions of glucocorticoids?

<p>Maintenance of glucose and protein homeostasis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of estradiol in the female reproductive system?

<p>Preparing the endometrium for pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of testosterone in both males and females?

<p>Enhancing muscle development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does estradiol affect cardiovascular function?

<p>By regulating lipid metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological processes does progesterone support during pregnancy?

<p>Milk production preparation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is crucial for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does estradiol have on the central nervous system?

<p>Modulating mood and cognitive functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of androgens in all genders?

<p>Controlling bone density and muscle development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific negative feedback action of inhibin in the endocrine system?

<p>Inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) play during pregnancy?

<p>Promotes progesterone production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about human placental lactogen (HPL) is correct?

<p>It has metabolic roles in lipid metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with relaxin during pregnancy?

<p>Promotes fetal organ development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the menstrual cycle, the action of inhibin includes:

<p>Decreasing LH release (A), Increasing testosterone synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of relaxin in preparing for childbirth?

<p>Softening the cervix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the appearance of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine?

<p>Conception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the placenta during pregnancy?

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Compounds produced by secretory tissues, carried in blood to target tissues, causing changes.

Vasopressin (ADH)

Nonapeptide hormone regulating osmotic balance, blood pressure, & kidney function.

Oxytocin Function

Hormone impacting social-emotional processes (empathy, trust), & reproduction (birth, breastfeeding).

Growth Hormone (HGH)

Polypeptide hormone affecting growth and development, regulated by multiple factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone Regulation

Controlled by GHRH (hypothalamus), somatostatin and ghrelin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone Action (Direct)

Binds to target cells, stimulating a direct response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone Action (Indirect)

Stimulates production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) impacting growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ADH Function in Kidneys

Increases water reabsorption by the kidneys, supporting blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IGF-1R

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, a cellular surface receptor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Growth Hormone Effect on Glucose

Growth hormone counteracts insulin's effect on glucose uptake, causing hyperglycemia by increasing gluconeogenesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Hormone Action

Thyroid hormones affect many body systems, increasing metabolism, and body temp, by binding to intranuclear receptors and activating genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Hormone Binding

Most thyroid hormones circulate bound to transport proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperthyroidism Cause

Hyperthyroidism results from excess T3 and T4, often from Graves' disease or ectopic production, leading to a decrease in TSH.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basal Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy the body uses at rest to maintain basic functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Hormone Effect on CNS Prenatally

Essential for brain maturation during fetal development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thyroid Hormone, Metabolic Status and Lipids

Thyroid hormones can either increase or decrease lipid synthesis or breakdown depending on the metabolic state.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Graves' Disease

An autoimmune disease causing thyroid gland overstimulation, leading to increased thyroid hormone release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormones, often due to autoimmune factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hashimoto's Disease

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland, resulting in underactive thyroid function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcitonin

A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that increases blood calcium levels, helps activate vitamin D.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid due to a problem with the thyroid gland itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid caused by a pituitary gland problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tertiary Hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid caused by a hypothalamic problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PTH effect on calcium

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PTH effect on phosphate

PTH decreases phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prolactin's Role

Prolactin is a hormone crucial for lactation and breast development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prolactin Regulation

Prolactin release is controlled by negative feedback from dopamine.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin's effect on adipose tissue

Insulin increases glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride storage, and activation of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin's effect on muscles

Insulin increases glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and potassium uptake in muscles, and decreases protein breakdown.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catecholamines

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are hormones that stimulate stress responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dopamine function(hormone and neurotransmitter)

Dopamine is a precursor to adrenaline and noradrenaline. It also acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the central nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catecholamines: What they increase

Catecholamines stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and fat, raise blood pressure, boost heart muscle activity, and relax airway muscles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucocorticoids: Main function

Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, are stress hormones that regulate various bodily processes, including immune response, glucose and protein metabolism, and blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucocorticoids: Where they're produced

Glucocorticoids are synthesized and released by the adrenal glands, located near your kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucocorticoids: How they circulate

Most glucocorticoids travel bound to proteins like CBG or albumin, making them inactive until they reach their target.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucocorticoids: Immune response effect

Glucocorticoids suppress the immune response by dampening inflammation and reducing antibody production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucocorticoids: Glucose and protein homeostasis

Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels by promoting glucose production in the liver, breaking down fat, and influencing insulin and glucagon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldosterone: Primary function

Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates water and salt balance by promoting sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldosterone: Effect on blood pressure

Aldosterone affects blood pressure by controlling the sodium gradient in the kidneys, influencing how much water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inhibin's Function?

Inhibin is a hormone that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the pituitary gland. It acts as a negative feedback mechanism, meaning it decreases FSH production when levels are high.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inhibin's Action on FSH

Inhibin primarily targets the pituitary gland, where it suppresses the production of FSH, a hormone essential for follicle development in the ovaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It supports the corpus luteum to produce progesterone, which is vital for maintaining pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HCG's Role in Pregnancy

HCG promotes progesterone production, helps the uterus grow with the baby, and suppresses uterine contractions during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

HPL is a hormone produced by the placenta. It plays a crucial role in metabolic changes during pregnancy, supporting proper fetal growth and development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HPL's Metabolic Role

HPL helps prepare the mother's body for lactation, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and ensures adequate nutrient supply for the growing fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relaxin's Function ?

Relaxin is a hormone that helps prepare the mother's body for childbirth. It softens the cervix, relaxes pelvic ligaments, and promotes breast development for lactation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relaxin's Action during Pregnancy

Relaxin works to soften the cervix, allowing it to dilate during birth. It also relaxes pelvic ligaments and muscles, aiding in the delivery process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Estrogens: Role

A group of hormones, primarily estradiol, involved in female reproduction, including menstrual cycle, pregnancy, breast development, and secondary sexual characteristics. They also affect cardiovascular function, lipid metabolism, and the nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Progesterone: Function

A steroid hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, preparing the uterus for pregnancy. It supports pregnancy by maintaining the endometrium and preventing further ovulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Testosterone: Primary Role

The main male hormone responsible for sex differentiation, controlling male sex characteristics and fertility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Androgens: Common Effects

A group of hormones, including testosterone, influencing bone density, muscle development, puberty, red blood cell production, and sexual desire and function in both sexes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Estradiol: Neurological Effects

Estradiol plays a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS) by regulating neurotrophic factors, influencing neurogenesis, and providing neuroprotective activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Testosterone: Fetal Development

Testosterone's influence begins during fetal development, differentiating male reproductive tissues. In females, androgens convert to estradiol, leading to the development of female traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Corpus Luteum: Function

A temporary endocrine gland that forms after ovulation, secreting progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Progesterone: Temperature Effect

Progesterone increases body temperature during the second half of the menstrual cycle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine system comprises compounds called hormones, produced in secretory tissues.
  • Hormones are transported in the blood to target tissues, inducing functional changes.
  • Hormones can be produced by various tissues, not just glands, and signaling mechanisms can occur outside the circulatory system (autocrine or paracrine).

Hormone Signaling

  • Hormones can signal through different pathways: autocrine (on the same cell), paracrine (nearby cells), or endocrine (through the blood).

Types of Hormones

  • Steroids (e.g., adrenal cortical hormones, sex hormones)
    • Examples: Estrogens, Progesterone, Testosterone
  • Peptide hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon)
  • Amino acid derivatives (e.g., thyroid hormones)
  • Miscellaneous (e.g., prostaglandins, cytokines)

Hypothalamus

  • The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in endocrine regulation, with specific nuclei producing hormones.

Vasopressin

  • Also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginnine vasopressin (AVP).
  • A nonapeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus.
  • Regulates osmotic balance, blood pressure, sodium homeostasis, and kidney function.
  • Primarily affects kidney's water reabsorption.

Oxytocin

  • Released from the posterior pituitary gland.
  • Crucial for birth and breastfeeding.
  • Also involved in social-emotional processes (empathy, trust, sexual activity, relationship-building) and influencing the autonomic nervous system and immune system.

Pituitary Gland

  • This gland regulates many other endocrine glands through hormones.
  • Anterior pituitary (various hormones like ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH)
  • Posterior pituitary (ADH, Oxytocin)

Growth Hormone

  • A polypeptide hormone (somatotropin) produced in the anterior pituitary.
  • Regulated by various factors (stress, exercise, nutrition, sleep, growth hormones).
  • Has direct and indirect mechanisms of action.
  • Direct effects are through receptor binding, stimulating effects in target cells.
  • Indirect effects involve Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
  • High HGH levels lead to increased metabolism, anabolism, and cellular replication, preventing apoptosis.

Thyroid Hormones

  • Affect most organs in the body, influencing metabolic rate and temperature through intranuclear receptors.
  • Thyroid hormones are lipophilic, circulating bound to transport proteins.

Thyroid Hormones (Physiological Effects)

  • Increase basal metabolic rate.
  • Influence carbohydrate metabolism (not blood glucose level).
  • Affect protein catabolism.
  • Are vital for CNS maturation during prenatal development.
  • Affect mood and memory.
  • Affect fertility, ovulation, and menstruation.

Hyperthyroidism

  • Excessive T3 and T4 production, often with compensatory TSH decrease.
  • Graves' disease is a common cause due to TSH receptor antibodies that stimulate thyroid gland growth and release.

Graves' Disease

  • An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism.
  • Antibody-mediated activation of orbital fibroblasts, resulting in orbital inflammation and bulging eyes (exophthalmos).

Hypothyroidism

  • Decreased thyroid hormone production, often with increased TSH.
  • Causes include autoimmune destruction (Hashimoto's disease).
  • Leads to cold intolerance, weight gain, and other related symptoms.

Hashimoto's Disease

  • An autoimmune disease leading to hypothyroidism.
  • Results in destruction of the thyroid gland, leading to decreased hormone production.
  • Presents with symptoms of decreased metabolism.

Calcitonin

  • A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
  • Inhibits osteoclast activity and increases calcium excretion in the kidney.
  • Important in calcium homeostasis following meals.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  • Secreted by chief cells of the parathyroid gland.
  • Released in response to low calcium levels.
  • Important in calcium homeostasis and the synthesis of calcitriol.
  • Increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys and bone.

Prolactin

  • A polypeptide hormone vital for lactation and breast development.
  • Release regulated by dopamine, acting in a self-regulatory loop.
  • Has diverse effects influencing various tissues throughout the body.

Pancreatic Hormones

  • Insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar.

Insulin

  • Increases glucose uptake, and synthesis.
  • Decrease blood sugar levels.

Glucagon

  • Raises blood sugar, stimulating glycogen breakdown.
  • Increases energy expenditure.

Diabetes

  • Type 1: Deficiency of insulin
  • Type 2: Insulin resistance.
  • Gestational: Occurs during pregnancy.
  • MODY: Adult-onset form with genetic variations

Diabetes Complications

  • Chronic complications can affect organs.
  • Examples: Stroke, heart attack, eye damage (retinopathy and glaucoma), kidney damage (nephropathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), foot damage leading to infections.

Adrenal Glands

  • Produce various hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and catecholamines.

Adrenal Hormones

  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Main stress hormones affecting glucose and protein metabolism.
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): Regulate salt and water balance.
  • Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine): Involved in the stress response; stimulate glycogen breakdown and increase blood pressure.

Catecholamines

  • Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
  • Released during stress to increase metabolic rate, blood pressure, and other physiological responses.
  • Influence various functions such as relaxation, blood pressure, heart rate and gut muscle motility.

Glucocorticoids (functions)

  • Increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose production.
  • Enhance the response to stress by stimulating metabolism and reducing inflammation.
  • Decrease protein synthesis and promote protein breakdown.

Aldosterone

  • A mineralocorticoid regulating sodium and potassium balance.
  • Involved in blood pressure and fluid regulation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Endocrine System PDF
Endocrine System Part 2 PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of the endocrine system, including hormone production, signaling pathways, and types of hormones. It emphasizes the roles played by the hypothalamus and various hormones in physiological regulation. Test your knowledge on this vital body system!

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser