Endocrine System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Hormones are chemical substances synthesized and produced by specialized ______.

glands

______ glands release hormones into the bloodstream.

Endocrine

Examples of endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and ______.

thyroid

Exocrine glands produce substances released through ______ to the exterior of the body.

<p>ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system acts through chemical messengers called ______.

<p>hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ system coordinates body activities through electrochemical signals.

<p>nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typically, the endocrine system acts more ______ than the nervous system.

<p>slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effects of hormones depend on how they are ______.

<p>released</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autocrine hormones act on the cell that ______ them.

<p>secreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paracrine hormones act on nearby cells without entering the ______ circulation.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intracrine hormones are produced in the cell and act ______.

<p>intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endocrine hormones act on target cells after being released into the ______.

<p>bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone receptors have two functional sites: the recognition site and the ______ site.

<p>signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal receptors respond to ______ ligand molecules that can cross the plasma membrane.

<p>hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peptide/Protein hormones can be either large proteins or small to medium size ______.

<p>peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are derived from ______ and include hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

<p>cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most hormones are regulated by ______ mechanisms.

<p>feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone within a ______ range.

<p>narrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ gland is a good example of regulation through negative feedback.

<p>thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone, or ______.

<p>TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the level of thyroid hormones is high enough, they feedback to stop the hypothalamus from secreting ______.

<p>TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones that can cross the membrane are known as ______ hormones.

<p>steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The regulation of glucose is controlled by two hormones: insulin and ______.

<p>glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones like epinephrine perform their functions through ______ receptors.

<p>surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ gland is responsible for secreting nine hormones.

<p>pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polypeptides and catechol hormones are characterized by their solubility in ______.

<p>blood serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone secretion varies during the hours of one day and is related to the ______ for it.

<p>need</p> Signup and view all the answers

The posterior pituitary is also known as the ______, as it is continuous with the brain.

<p>neurohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The highest concentration of cortisol hormone is observed in the morning, specifically between ______ am.

<p>8-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones that perform their work through enzymes are often classified as ______ hormones.

<p>activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin carry ______ and testosterone.

<p>estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Growth hormone has its highest concentration during ______.

<p>sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasopressin and ______ are the two protein hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland.

<p>oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The remaining parts of the hormonal generators are called ______, which act as protein carriers for oxytocin and vasopressin.

<p>neurophysins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasopressin is also known as ______ hormone.

<p>Antidiuretic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of vasopressin is influenced by a lack of ______ pressure.

<p>osmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main work of the VP hormone is to maintain ______ in the living body.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus and also affects the tissues surrounding the ______ tubes in the breast.

<p>milky</p> Signup and view all the answers

The half-life of the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin is about ______ minutes.

<p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotional stress and ______ can influence the secretion of vasopressin.

<p>nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior pituitary is also known as the ______, because it acts more as a gland.

<p>adenohypophysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroid Stimulate Hormone (TSH) is secreted from the basal pituitary cells called ______.

<p>thyrotropha</p> Signup and view all the answers

TSH stimulates the growth of the ______ gland.

<p>thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is secreted from basal pituitary cells called ______.

<p>Corticotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

ACTH regulates the secretion of ______ from the adrenal glands.

<p>glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is essential for the growth of ovarian ______ in females.

<p>follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

In males, FSH is important for the development of ______ tubules.

<p>seminiferous</p> Signup and view all the answers

FSH helps regulate the formation of ______ cells in sexually mature males.

<p>sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced in specialized glands called endocrine glands. They regulate various bodily functions.

Endocrine glands

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, influencing various body processes. Examples include the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and thyroid.

Exocrine glands

Glands releasing substances like sweat, tears, and saliva through ducts to the outside of the body.

Endocrine system

A system of glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, that produce and release hormones to regulate various body functions.

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Nervous system

The system responsible for transmitting electrochemical signals throughout the body, enabling rapid communication and control. It involves the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by nerve cells at synapses. They transmit signals across the tiny gaps between neurons.

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Homeostasis

A state of internal stability maintained by the body. It involves regulating various factors like temperature, blood sugar, and pH levels.

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Cell signaling

The process by which cells communicate with each other using chemical messengers. It can occur through direct contact or through the release of signaling molecules.

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What is Autocrine signaling?

A hormone acts on the same cell that secreted it. Imagine a cell sending itself a message!

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What is Paracrine signaling?

A hormone acts on a neighboring cell without entering the bloodstream. Think of a local message between neighbors.

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What is Intracrine signaling?

A hormone is produced within a cell and acts inside the cell. Picture a cell sending an internal memo.

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What is Endocrine signaling?

A hormone is released from a gland into the bloodstream and acts on distant target cells. Think of a message broadcast to different parts of the body through the blood.

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What is Neurocrine signaling?

Specialized neurons release peptides into the blood. Imagine a nerve cell directly sending a message to the blood.

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What are cell-surface receptors?

These are protein molecules found on the cell surface. They bind to external signaling molecules (ligands) that cannot cross the cell membrane.

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What are internal receptors?

These are protein molecules found inside the cytoplasm. They respond to signaling molecules (ligands) that can cross the cell membrane.

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How are hormones classified?

Hormones can be classified by their chemical nature, such as amino acid derivatives, peptide/protein hormones, steroid hormones, and others.

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Hormones with membrane receptors

Hormones that bind to receptors on the cell surface and trigger a cascade of events inside the cell, without entering the cytoplasm. These hormones often utilize second messengers.

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Hormones with intracellular receptors

Hormones that pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. They directly influence gene expression.

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Hormone transport

The process by which hormones are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream. Some hormones travel freely, while others need carrier proteins.

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Hormone secretion patterns

The way hormone secretion changes over time, often fluctuating based on the body's needs. For example, cortisol levels are high in the morning and low at night.

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Mechanism of hormone action

The process by which hormones influence a specific cell or tissue by binding to receptors and triggering a response.

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Second messenger system

A second messenger system is a signaling pathway within a cell that amplifies and transmits signals from the cell surface to the interior of the cell. It is often involved in the action of hormones that bind to membrane receptors.

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Gene expression modulation

The modulation of gene expression by hormones that can cross the cell membrane. These hormones often regulate gene transcription and protein synthesis.

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Enzyme activation

The activation of enzymes by hormones, often through a second messenger system. This mechanism can lead to changes in cellular metabolism and function.

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Feedback mechanism

A process where a product of a pathway regulates its own production.

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Negative feedback

A feedback mechanism where a product reduces its own production, keeping levels within a specific range.

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How the thyroid gland is regulated

The thyroid gland is controlled by the negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid hormone.

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Direct hormone regulation

Hormones regulate their own production based on the levels of the substances they control, without involving the hypothalamus and pituitary.

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What is insulin?

A hormone secreted when blood glucose levels rise, promoting glucose uptake and storage.

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What is glucagon?

A hormone secreted when blood glucose levels fall, stimulating glucose production and release.

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Hypothalamus and pituitary roles

The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland, which secretes multiple hormones.

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What is the neurohypophysis?

The posterior part of the pituitary gland, connected to the brain.

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What is the anterior pituitary?

Also known as the adenohypophysis, it is a gland responsible for producing various hormones that regulate many bodily functions.

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What is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

A glycoprotein hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), ensuring proper growth and function of the thyroid.

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What is the main function of TSH?

This hormone regulates the growth of the thyroid gland, controlling its production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), ensuring proper blood supply.

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What is Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

Secreted from the anterior pituitary, ACTH is a peptide hormone that regulates the adrenal glands' production of cortisol.

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What is the main function of ACTH?

ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, which regulates glucose, protein, and fat metabolism, affecting energy levels and stress response.

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What is Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

This hormone, secreted from the anterior pituitary, plays a vital role in both male and female reproductive systems.

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What are the primary functions of FSH in females?

In females, FSH aids in the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. In males, it contributes to the development of sperm cells.

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What are the primary functions of FSH in males?

In males, FSH is crucial for the development of the seminiferous tubules in the testes, where sperm cells are produced.

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Vasopressin

A hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It plays a crucial role in regulating water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection from the breasts during breastfeeding.

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Hypovolemia

The decrease in blood volume, often below the normal level.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

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Cellular uptake

The process by which cells take in substances from the extracellular fluid.

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Neurohypophysis hormones

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland, formed in hypothalamic neurons.

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Pro-hormones

Large molecules that act as precursors to hormones, later cleaved to produce the active hormones.

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Study Notes

Hormone Introduction

  • Hormones are chemical substances produced by specialized glands.
  • They control and regulate cell and organ activity.
  • Hormones act as messengers of the body.
  • Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Glands

  • Glands produce and release substances that perform specific functions.
  • Two types of glands: endocrine and exocrine.
  • Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Types of Glands

  • Endocrine glands are part of the endocrine system.
  • They make hormones that are released into the bloodstream.
  • Examples of endocrine glands include adrenal glands, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, pineal gland.

Exocrine Glands

  • Exocrine glands release substances through ducts.
  • Examples include sweat, saliva, and tears.

Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells.
  • It acts through chemical messengers (hormones) carried in the circulation.

Nervous System

  • The nervous system controls body activities through the release of neurotransmitters at synapses.
  • The nervous system sends electrochemical signals between the brain and peripheral tissues.
  • Systems work together for body coordination.

Cell Signaling

  • Hormones act on cells through specific mechanisms.
  • Types include autocrine, paracrine, intracrine, endocrine, and neurocrine.

Hormone Receptors

  • Cell-associated recognition molecules (proteins)act as hormone receptors.
  • Two functional sites: recognition site and signaling site.
  • Receptors exist in the cytoplasm or on the cell membrane.
  • Internal receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands capable of crossing the plasma membrane.
  • Cell surface receptors do not require the ligand to enter the cell.

Classification of Hormones

  • Classified according to chemical nature and mechanism of action.
  • Types include amino-acid derived, peptide/protein, steroid, and fatty acid derivatives.

Hormone Mechanism of Action

  • Hormones bind to intracellular receptors.
  • Hormones bind to cell-membrane receptors.
  • Lipophilic hormones use transport proteins to reach target tissues.
  • Hydrophilic hormones do not need transport proteins.
  • Hormones may cause enzyme activation or gene expression modulation.

Chemical Classification of Hormones

  • Hormones can be grouped into different categories based on their chemical structure.
  • Categories include steroids, peptide hormones, and amino acid derivatives.
  • Examples of specific hormones within each category are listed.

Regulation of Hormones

  • Hormones are often regulated by feedback mechanisms, predominantly negative feedback loops.
  • Negative feedback maintains hormone levels within a narrow range.
  • Thyroid regulation is an example of negative feedback regulation.

Metabolism Regulation

  • Hormones regulate various metabolic processes in the body, like glucose, protein, and fat metabolism.
  • Various hormones play a role in either increasing or decreasing the blood concentration of these substances.

Important Endocrine Glands and Organs

  • The endocrine glands regulate many bodily functions, including growth and development.
  • Example glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.
  • Other endocrine organs include ovaries, testes, and placenta.

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

  • Hypothalamus regulates pituitary gland secretions.
  • Pituitary gland is divided into anterior and posterior portions.

Other hormones

  • Specific hormones are detailed, with focus on their function, secretion, and actions within the body, including hormones associated with specific glands.
  • Information on disorders related to specific hormones and their associated glands are presented. (example: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and classifications of hormones and glands in the endocrine system. This quiz covers key concepts such as hormone types, their mechanisms of action, and the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. Perfect for students studying human biology or health sciences.

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