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Questions and Answers
The hormones of the endocrine system regulate the activity and growth of target cells in your body and also regulate your ______.
The hormones of the endocrine system regulate the activity and growth of target cells in your body and also regulate your ______.
metabolism
In girls, estrogen promotes the accumulation of adipose tissue in the breasts and hips, sculpting a feminine ______.
In girls, estrogen promotes the accumulation of adipose tissue in the breasts and hips, sculpting a feminine ______.
shape
Increasing levels of testosterone in boys help build muscle mass and ______ the vocal cords.
Increasing levels of testosterone in boys help build muscle mass and ______ the vocal cords.
enlarge
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body ______.
Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body ______.
Endocrine glands secrete their products, called hormones, into the interstitial ______ surrounding the secretory cells.
Endocrine glands secrete their products, called hormones, into the interstitial ______ surrounding the secretory cells.
Most hormones enter interstitial fluid and then the ______.
Most hormones enter interstitial fluid and then the ______.
Hormone-secreting cells are not exclusively classified as endocrine ______.
Hormone-secreting cells are not exclusively classified as endocrine ______.
The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal, and ______ glands.
The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal, and ______ glands.
The __________ system often has slower responses compared to the nervous system.
The __________ system often has slower responses compared to the nervous system.
The __________ gland is often called the 'master' endocrine gland.
The __________ gland is often called the 'master' endocrine gland.
The __________ connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
The __________ connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
The anterior pituitary accounts for about __________ percent of the total weight of the pituitary gland.
The anterior pituitary accounts for about __________ percent of the total weight of the pituitary gland.
The __________ is a small region of the brain below the thalamus and regulates the pituitary gland.
The __________ is a small region of the brain below the thalamus and regulates the pituitary gland.
The __________ of the pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
The __________ of the pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the pituitary gland.
Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the pituitary gland.
The __________ pituitary is composed of neural tissue.
The __________ pituitary is composed of neural tissue.
During delivery, stretching of the cervix of the uterus stimulates the release of ______, which enhances contraction of smooth muscle fibers.
During delivery, stretching of the cervix of the uterus stimulates the release of ______, which enhances contraction of smooth muscle fibers.
After delivery, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in response to a ______ infant.
After delivery, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in response to a ______ infant.
In males and non-pregnant females, the function of ______ remains unknown.
In males and non-pregnant females, the function of ______ remains unknown.
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located just inferior to the ______.
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located just inferior to the ______.
The thyroid gland consists of right and left ______, connected by an isthmus anterior to the trachea.
The thyroid gland consists of right and left ______, connected by an isthmus anterior to the trachea.
In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), urine output increases more than ______ times.
In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), urine output increases more than ______ times.
Drinking alcohol often causes frequent and copious urination because it inhibits secretion of ______.
Drinking alcohol often causes frequent and copious urination because it inhibits secretion of ______.
Thyroid follicles are microscopic spherical sacs that make up most of the ______ gland.
Thyroid follicles are microscopic spherical sacs that make up most of the ______ gland.
The dehydrating effect of alcohol may cause both the thirst and the typical ______ of a hangover.
The dehydrating effect of alcohol may cause both the thirst and the typical ______ of a hangover.
The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called ______.
The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called ______.
When the T thyrocytes are inactive, their shape is low cuboidal to ______.
When the T thyrocytes are inactive, their shape is low cuboidal to ______.
T3 and T4 together are also known as ______ hormones.
T3 and T4 together are also known as ______ hormones.
The T thyrocytes produce two hormones: thyroxine (T4) and ______ (T3).
The T thyrocytes produce two hormones: thyroxine (T4) and ______ (T3).
T thyrocytes are responsible for the synthesis of ______, which is important for thyroid hormone production.
T thyrocytes are responsible for the synthesis of ______, which is important for thyroid hormone production.
Parafollicular cells, also known as C ______, have a distinct role in hormone secretion.
Parafollicular cells, also known as C ______, have a distinct role in hormone secretion.
Thyroid hormones promote the formation of ossification centers in developing ______.
Thyroid hormones promote the formation of ossification centers in developing ______.
Thyrotrophic cells secrete ______, which controls the activities of the thyroid gland.
Thyrotrophic cells secrete ______, which controls the activities of the thyroid gland.
Gonadotrophic cells secrete two hormones: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and ______.
Gonadotrophic cells secrete two hormones: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and ______.
In men, FSH and LH stimulate the testes to produce sperm and to secrete ______.
In men, FSH and LH stimulate the testes to produce sperm and to secrete ______.
In women, these hormones stimulate the ovaries to mature oocytes and to secrete ______.
In women, these hormones stimulate the ovaries to mature oocytes and to secrete ______.
Prolactin cells secrete ______, which initiates milk production in the mammary glands.
Prolactin cells secrete ______, which initiates milk production in the mammary glands.
Corticotrophic cells secrete Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the ______ cortex.
Corticotrophic cells secrete Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the ______ cortex.
The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but it stores and releases ______ hormones.
The posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but it stores and releases ______ hormones.
Oxytocin (OT) is responsible for contraction of the uterus and ______.
Oxytocin (OT) is responsible for contraction of the uterus and ______.
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Study Notes
Endocrine System
- The endocrine system regulates activity, growth of target cells in the body and overall metabolism.
- Estrogen promotes the accumulation of fat in the breasts and hips, sculpting a feminine figure.
- Increasing testosterone levels in boys promotes muscle mass and deepens vocal cords
- Exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts that carry them to body cavities.
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells.
- Most hormones enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream.
- Hormone-secreting cells are not classified exclusively as endocrine cells.
- Major endocrine glands include: the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal, and pineal glands.
- The endocrine system responds more slowly than the nervous system.
- The pituitary gland is often called the 'master' endocrine gland.
- The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
- The anterior pituitary accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the pituitary gland.
- The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain below the thalamus that regulates the pituitary gland.
- The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
- Growth hormone is secreted by somatotrophic cells in the pituitary gland.
- The posterior pituitary gland is composed of neural tissue.
Hormones
- During delivery, stretching of the cervix stimulates the release of oxytocin, which enhances contraction of smooth muscle fibers.
- After delivery, oxytocin stimulates milk ejection in response to a suckling infant.
- In males and non-pregnant females, the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) remains unknown.
Thyroid Gland
- The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland found just inferior to the larynx.
- The thyroid has right and left lobes, connected by an isthmus anterior to the trachea.
- In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), urine output increases more than five times.
- Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH secretion, leading to frequent and copious urination.
- Thyroid follicles are microscopic spherical sacs found in the thyroid gland.
- The dehydrating effect of alcohol can cause the thirst and headache symptoms of a hangover.
- The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called follicular cells (T thyrocytes).
- When T thyrocytes are inactive, their shape is low cuboidal to squamous.
- T3 and T4 together are known as thyroid hormones.
- T thyrocytes produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones.
- T thyrocytes are responsible for the synthesis of thyroglobulin, which is important for thyroid hormone production.
- Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin, a hormone that plays a role in calcium regulation.
- Thyroid hormones promote the formation of ossification centers in developing bones.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Thyrotrophic cells secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which controls thyroid gland activity.
- Gonadotrophic cells produce Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
- In men, FSH and LH stimulate the testes to produce sperm and secrete testosterone.
- In women, FSH and LH stimulate egg maturation and estrogen/progesterone secretion.
- Prolactin cells secrete prolactin, which initiates milk production in the mammary glands.
- Corticotrophic cells secrete Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex.
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Theposterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones, but it stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.
- Oxytocin (OT) is responsible for uterine contraction and milk ejection.
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